论文部分内容阅读
在英语阅读中我们都会碰到这种情况：当我们遇到不认识的生词时，却照样能读懂句子，并且能够领悟出该词的意思。这是因为，有一定阅读技巧的读者也都具有一定的猜词悟意能力，即：A good reader is a good guesser.近年来各类阅读理解题的长度和题量都在逐年增加，如不能快速准确理解把握这些生词，势必会降低做题的质量。因此，猜词能力的培养和技巧与策略的习得显得尤为重要。
猜测词义是根据单词所在的上下文的内容及构词的常识揣度词义的一种阅读技能。如果能够养成猜词悟意的习惯，将有助于提高英语阅读速度和理解准确度、扩大词汇量及增强学生学习英语的兴趣和信心。现根据笔者在多年普通高考和高等学校英语应用能力考试A、B级辅导过程中使用过的教学实例，介绍较为常见的十种猜词悟意技巧与策略：
一、根据定义句表明词义
例1 Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating and letting it cool very slowly.
annealing虽是生词，但根据is引出的定义，即表语部分提供的信息“使金属加热后冷却变软的一种方法”，可确定其意义为“退火”。
例2 Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal.
通过an illness of the mind…to steal及全文下面的举例解释，另从所给选项中得出desire与wish意义相符后，不难猜出kleptomania的意思是“盗窃癖”。
定义句通常由be, mean, define, call, refer等词引导。
二、利用同位语或定语从句暗示词义
例1 An orphanage is a home for orphans, the children without parents.
本句中先用同位语the children without parents暗示了orphans（孤儿）的词义，又用is引出的定义句明确了orphanage(孤儿院)的意义。
例2 Nearby is the Indianapolis race course, where the nation’s most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.
以where引导的定语从句为线索，暗示了course应是汽车赛举行的地方。所以排除“过程”、“课程”、“航程”，而将该词定义为“跑道”。
同位语常用逗号、破折号、插入语或that is等提示；定语从句则常常以that, which, who, when, where, why等关系代词、副词引导。
三、利用标点符号提示词义
例1 There are two types of fat: external fat(fat under the skin) and internal fat(fat inside the body wall).
冒号引出两种类型的“脂肪”，括号内的短语分别是external fat（皮下脂肪）和internal fat（体内脂肪）的具体解释。
例2 Quietly, the graying of America has made us a very different society—one in which people have a quite different idea of what kind of behavior is suitable at various ages.
不定代词one在文中society及破折号后，它所指代的显而易见就是前面的society，因为破折号说明后面的部分就是前面相应部分的同位语或解释说明。可以担当此类提示的标点符号常有破折号、逗号、冒号、括号等。
四、利用重述表达词义
例1 Numbers such as 1, 2, 3, 75, 180 and 3600 are called whole numbers, or integers.
信号词or表明whole numbers与integers同义，由前者可推出后者亦意为“整数”。
例2 You look fit and healthy to me.
and连接的fit与healthy意义相同——“健康的”。重述常以or, and, that’s to say, in other words等信号词引出。
五、利用举例说明词义
例1 Today young couples who are just starting their households often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing-machines, refrigerators, color TV sets, digital cameras and computers.
for instance后列举出“洗衣机、冰箱、彩电、数码相机、电脑”等家电“器具”。
例2 There were disastrous fires in some cities, such as the great fire of London in 1666.
such as列举出诸如1666年伦敦大火一类的“灾害性的”火灾。常见的举例信号词为like, such as, for example, for instance及冒号等。
六、利用对比关系揭示词义
例1 If you agree, say “yes”; if you disapprove, say “no”.
根据“yes”与“no”，“agree”与“disapprove”的位置关系，不难推知“agree”与“disapprove”也是一对反义词，后者意为“不同意”。
例2 Jane was jubilant, while Mary was sorrowful.
信号词while暗示对比，只要辨认出生词jubilant的反义词为sorrowful, 即可猜出jubilant的意思为“喜气洋洋的”及“兴高采烈的”。这类关系常由分号及while, but, however, on the contrary, on the other hand等词汇引出。
七、利用因果关系判断词义
例1 The teacher did not hear the knocking at the door, because he was completely engrossed in his reading.
以因果关系为线索，可确定engrossed的意义为“被吸引”、“全神贯注”。
例2 Ann is the only girl in her family. She is an apple of her parents’ eyes.
因为Ann是整个家庭中唯一的女孩，所以她是“父母的掌上明珠”。通常用来表示“原因”的词有because, as, since等；表示“结果”的词有so, thus, therefore, thereby等。
八、根据经验常识猜测词义
例1 Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes. “It was seeing people with snake bites that led me to this career”, he said.
根据helped people bitten by snakes等提供的信息及常识，可以很容易地猜出career的意义是所给选项中的job。
例2 …Apple trees may grow as tall as 12 meters. They do best in areas that have very cold winters. Though no fruit is yielded during the winter, this cold period is good for the tree.
根据“冬天苹果不结果实”这一常识，不难找到四个选项中的“produced（生产、出产）”恰与 yielded意思吻合。
九、利用综合推理悟出词义
例1 The baker, with his wife and family, was able to get out through a window in the roof.
从语境“面包房失火、求生的本能驱使面包师和他的妻子与family破窗而逃” 可以得知此处的family，不包括 wife, 而是只指children。
例2 …At 5:30 a.m., the riders will leave Tian’anmen Square and ride the first 35 kilometers as a training leg.
全篇广告中共有三处使用leg。从第一、第二阶段都用leg推理得知A(race)、B(practice)选项错误。而选项C中的training实际上只是tour的一个局部，故选D(part of the tour)。
十、根据构词法揣度词义
例1 “Many of the problems are of college level and these pupils can figure them out. It is just unbelievable!” said a teacher from Guangdong Province.
本句中unbelievable是由前缀un-和后缀-able与动词believe去掉不发音的e而构成的派生形容词，词义很显然是“难以相信的”。另从那位教师的话里知道许多竞赛试题都具有大学水平，优胜者还是取得了成功，说明他们计算出了(figure out=work out)这些题目。
例2 Abh is the eleventh month on the Hebrew calendar(西伯来日历) which dated from 3760 years and 3 months before the beginning of the Christian Era(基督纪元).
dated是名词date（日期）转化来的动词date的过去分词，其意义无非是“确定日期”、“注明日期”、“始于”。经带入答案验证，后者最准确。除派生词、转化词外，英语中还有合成、缩略、拼缀等构词方法。
猜词悟意最有效的策略就是运用所学过的语法结构、构词法及词语搭配等知识，再结合学生应有的常识及上下文提供的语境和逻辑关系、全文主旨等去推理和判断。在阅读中只要学会综合运用上述猜读方法，我们就一定会感到轻松自如、得心应手。
猜测词义是根据单词所在的上下文的内容及构词的常识揣度词义的一种阅读技能。如果能够养成猜词悟意的习惯，将有助于提高英语阅读速度和理解准确度、扩大词汇量及增强学生学习英语的兴趣和信心。现根据笔者在多年普通高考和高等学校英语应用能力考试A、B级辅导过程中使用过的教学实例，介绍较为常见的十种猜词悟意技巧与策略：
一、根据定义句表明词义
例1 Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating and letting it cool very slowly.
annealing虽是生词，但根据is引出的定义，即表语部分提供的信息“使金属加热后冷却变软的一种方法”，可确定其意义为“退火”。
例2 Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal.
通过an illness of the mind…to steal及全文下面的举例解释，另从所给选项中得出desire与wish意义相符后，不难猜出kleptomania的意思是“盗窃癖”。
定义句通常由be, mean, define, call, refer等词引导。
二、利用同位语或定语从句暗示词义
例1 An orphanage is a home for orphans, the children without parents.
本句中先用同位语the children without parents暗示了orphans（孤儿）的词义，又用is引出的定义句明确了orphanage(孤儿院)的意义。
例2 Nearby is the Indianapolis race course, where the nation’s most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.
以where引导的定语从句为线索，暗示了course应是汽车赛举行的地方。所以排除“过程”、“课程”、“航程”，而将该词定义为“跑道”。
同位语常用逗号、破折号、插入语或that is等提示；定语从句则常常以that, which, who, when, where, why等关系代词、副词引导。
三、利用标点符号提示词义
例1 There are two types of fat: external fat(fat under the skin) and internal fat(fat inside the body wall).
冒号引出两种类型的“脂肪”，括号内的短语分别是external fat（皮下脂肪）和internal fat（体内脂肪）的具体解释。
例2 Quietly, the graying of America has made us a very different society—one in which people have a quite different idea of what kind of behavior is suitable at various ages.
不定代词one在文中society及破折号后，它所指代的显而易见就是前面的society，因为破折号说明后面的部分就是前面相应部分的同位语或解释说明。可以担当此类提示的标点符号常有破折号、逗号、冒号、括号等。
四、利用重述表达词义
例1 Numbers such as 1, 2, 3, 75, 180 and 3600 are called whole numbers, or integers.
信号词or表明whole numbers与integers同义，由前者可推出后者亦意为“整数”。
例2 You look fit and healthy to me.
and连接的fit与healthy意义相同——“健康的”。重述常以or, and, that’s to say, in other words等信号词引出。
五、利用举例说明词义
例1 Today young couples who are just starting their households often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing-machines, refrigerators, color TV sets, digital cameras and computers.
for instance后列举出“洗衣机、冰箱、彩电、数码相机、电脑”等家电“器具”。
例2 There were disastrous fires in some cities, such as the great fire of London in 1666.
such as列举出诸如1666年伦敦大火一类的“灾害性的”火灾。常见的举例信号词为like, such as, for example, for instance及冒号等。
六、利用对比关系揭示词义
例1 If you agree, say “yes”; if you disapprove, say “no”.
根据“yes”与“no”，“agree”与“disapprove”的位置关系，不难推知“agree”与“disapprove”也是一对反义词，后者意为“不同意”。
例2 Jane was jubilant, while Mary was sorrowful.
信号词while暗示对比，只要辨认出生词jubilant的反义词为sorrowful, 即可猜出jubilant的意思为“喜气洋洋的”及“兴高采烈的”。这类关系常由分号及while, but, however, on the contrary, on the other hand等词汇引出。
七、利用因果关系判断词义
例1 The teacher did not hear the knocking at the door, because he was completely engrossed in his reading.
以因果关系为线索，可确定engrossed的意义为“被吸引”、“全神贯注”。
例2 Ann is the only girl in her family. She is an apple of her parents’ eyes.
因为Ann是整个家庭中唯一的女孩，所以她是“父母的掌上明珠”。通常用来表示“原因”的词有because, as, since等；表示“结果”的词有so, thus, therefore, thereby等。
八、根据经验常识猜测词义
例1 Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes. “It was seeing people with snake bites that led me to this career”, he said.
根据helped people bitten by snakes等提供的信息及常识，可以很容易地猜出career的意义是所给选项中的job。
例2 …Apple trees may grow as tall as 12 meters. They do best in areas that have very cold winters. Though no fruit is yielded during the winter, this cold period is good for the tree.
根据“冬天苹果不结果实”这一常识，不难找到四个选项中的“produced（生产、出产）”恰与 yielded意思吻合。
九、利用综合推理悟出词义
例1 The baker, with his wife and family, was able to get out through a window in the roof.
从语境“面包房失火、求生的本能驱使面包师和他的妻子与family破窗而逃” 可以得知此处的family，不包括 wife, 而是只指children。
例2 …At 5:30 a.m., the riders will leave Tian’anmen Square and ride the first 35 kilometers as a training leg.
全篇广告中共有三处使用leg。从第一、第二阶段都用leg推理得知A(race)、B(practice)选项错误。而选项C中的training实际上只是tour的一个局部，故选D(part of the tour)。
十、根据构词法揣度词义
例1 “Many of the problems are of college level and these pupils can figure them out. It is just unbelievable!” said a teacher from Guangdong Province.
本句中unbelievable是由前缀un-和后缀-able与动词believe去掉不发音的e而构成的派生形容词，词义很显然是“难以相信的”。另从那位教师的话里知道许多竞赛试题都具有大学水平，优胜者还是取得了成功，说明他们计算出了(figure out=work out)这些题目。
例2 Abh is the eleventh month on the Hebrew calendar(西伯来日历) which dated from 3760 years and 3 months before the beginning of the Christian Era(基督纪元).
dated是名词date（日期）转化来的动词date的过去分词，其意义无非是“确定日期”、“注明日期”、“始于”。经带入答案验证，后者最准确。除派生词、转化词外，英语中还有合成、缩略、拼缀等构词方法。
猜词悟意最有效的策略就是运用所学过的语法结构、构词法及词语搭配等知识，再结合学生应有的常识及上下文提供的语境和逻辑关系、全文主旨等去推理和判断。在阅读中只要学会综合运用上述猜读方法，我们就一定会感到轻松自如、得心应手。