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书面表达是高考必考题型。要想书面表达获得高分,考生除了要有扎实的英语基本功外,还应努力做到以下几点:
一、要点齐全
要点齐全是指考生的作文要写明全部的内容要点。高考评分细则对不同档次的书面表达的内容要点提出了具体要求:一档作文“明显漏掉了主要内容,写了一些无关内容”;二档作文“漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容,写了一些无关内容”;三档作文“虽漏掉一些内容,但覆盖所有主要内容”;四档作文“虽漏掉一两个次重点,但覆盖所有主要内容”;五档作文“覆盖所有内容要点”。漏写或没有写清要点均要失分。因此,考生要想英语作文得高分,必须首先要做到要点齐全。
为了避免因遗漏要点而失分,考生应在打草稿时围绕中心把要写明的要点列出。例如,2009年北京卷书面表达应包括以下四个要点:①骑车去植树;②植树;③安插提示牌;④照相留念。考生应该在此基础上组织成文。
二、结构合理
结构合理是指作文的篇章结构要符合事情发展的逻辑顺序,也就是先写什么,后写什么,以使写出来的作文脉络清楚,有层次感。不同题材的文章写法有所不同。记叙文通常按照事情发展的时间先后顺序来写,文章不能缺少“5W1H”,即when, where, who, what, why和how;写议论文则要先确定论点,找出论据,然后组织论证;写说明文时多采用由浅入深,由表及里,先易后难的方法安排文章的结构。
考生在确保要点齐全后,应认真构思,合理安排文章的篇章结构,以便给阅卷老师留下好印象,从而提高文章的得分档次。
三、表达准确
表达准确是指构成作文的句子正确,无语法错误。书面表达考察考生“准确运用英语的表达能力”,而影响准确表达的语法错误对提高文章的档次影响很大。因此,考生写句子时,要严格遵循英语的表达习惯,在句型、人称、时态、主谓一致、冠词、介词、单词拼写及标点符号等方面要认真细心,尽可能不犯一些低级错误,以免影响阅卷老师对自己文章的评判。
四、行文连贯
在确保表达准确之后,考生要注意行文的连贯性。一篇好的文章,并不是要点的简单罗列,而是表达要点的有机结合。“有效地使用语句间的连接成分,使全文紧凑”是高考书面表达重要的评分依据。考生如能在句与句之间,段与段之间恰到好处地使用一些衔接词和过渡语,会给人以文章结构紧凑、自然流畅之感,从而提高文章的得分档次。高考书面表达常用过渡连接词有:
①表时间顺序:at first, now, then, later, meanwhile, at last, in the end, before long, for the first time, from then on, since then
②表并列关系:not only...but also,both...and..., either...or..., neither...nor...,as well as
③表因果关系: as a result, so, therefore, because of,due to,owing to,thanks to
④表转折关系: while, but, however,yet, on the contrary
⑤表解释、说明: that is, that is to say,in other words, namely, such as, for example
⑥表列举: first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), last(ly), in the first (second, third) place ...
⑦表递进关系: what’s more, besides, in addition, worse still, moreover
⑧表总结陈述: to sum up, in a word, in short, in brief, on the whole
请仔细阅读2009年四川卷书面表达的范文,体会如何有效地使用语句间的连接成分,使全文紧凑、语义连惯的。
Dear Jane,
Glad to hear from you and you’re welcome to China in July. The following are some Chinese customs.
Firstly, we greet each other by saying “Hello” or asking such questions as“Where are you going ?” or“Are you busy?” to express our care. Secondly, when praised, we reply with “Oh, no!” or “I’m over-praised”to show good manners. Next, when receiving a gift, we usually say “It’s unnecessary” besides “Thanks” to show politeness and then put it away.Finally, at dinner parties, we talk loudly and touch glasses when drinking to someone’s health or success to show that we’re warm.
Anyhow, different cultures, different customs. If you “Do as the Romans do when in Rome”, you’ll enjoy more of your stay here.
I hope what’s mentioned above might be helpful and wish you a good journey.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
五、句式多变
句式多变是指考生写作时不要一味地只用简单句,而是应根据表达的需要,适时运用倒装句、感叹句、疑问句、名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句和非谓语动词,长短句交错,使文章更具动感和文采,从而增强可读性。句式单一,缺乏生气的文章,哪怕无任何错误也不可能得高分。请看下面句式,仔细体会其优美之处:
感叹句:How I miss you and Mr. Smith ! (2009年山东卷)
倒装句: ...only in this way can I gain more confidence in smiling my troubles away...(2009年福建卷)
疑问句: Faced with such cases, how can you turn a bad mood into a good one? (2009年江西卷)
强调句: It was you who always encouraged me. (2009年山东卷)
独立主格结构: Everything done, they sat in the yard chatting with the elderly people.(2009浙江卷)
分词做状语: In the morning, we bicycled to the suburbs to plant trees, talking and laughing all the way. (2009年北京卷)
定语从句: At this moment, Mr. Jiang, who was the maths teacher of Class 3, was waiting outside the door. (2009湖南卷)
名词性从句: What they did has brought joy to others.(2009年浙江卷)
六、要有“亮点”
高考评分细则把书面表达中是否“使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇”作为考查考生英语水平高低的重要标准。这些较复杂结构或较高级词汇就是文章的“亮点”,它们不仅能充分体现考生的词汇量和整体英语水平,而且能给阅卷老师留下深刻印象,从而提高文章的得分档次。
高级词汇是指表意准确,含义深刻的词汇。而复杂结构则是指我们平常学过的强调句、倒装句、感叹句、非谓语动词、独立主格结构等。这些特殊表达形式的使用能使文章文采倍增,感染力强。请欣赏以下例句,体会其中高级词汇和复杂结构的优美之处:
① April 12 is memorable because our class had a meaningful experience on that day.(2009北京卷)
② Seeing the lines of trees, we all had a sense of achievement. (2009北京卷)
③ I believe it will be of great help to form the good habit of reading. (2009天津卷)
④ I have been trying in vain to contact him. (2009山东卷)
⑤ First,it’s advisable to talk more with your mom. (2009陕西卷)
⑥ Upon arrival, we began to work immediately. (2009北京卷)
⑦ ... it is natural for everyone to meet something frustrating. (2009江西卷)
⑧ Just imagine, all this can be done with a cute mouse. (2009江苏卷)
七、书写工整
书面表达是主观题,人工阅卷,整洁的卷面、清楚漂亮的书写会给阅卷老师好的印象,从而提高阅卷者的“感情分”。高考书面表达评分细则也明确规定“如书写较差,以致影响表达,将分数降低一个档次。”因此,考生要卷面整洁,书写规范,字体工整,字母书写匀称,单词间距适当,大小写、标点符号正确,尽可能把错误降低到最低程度,这样才能确保多拿分或拿高分。
一、要点齐全
要点齐全是指考生的作文要写明全部的内容要点。高考评分细则对不同档次的书面表达的内容要点提出了具体要求:一档作文“明显漏掉了主要内容,写了一些无关内容”;二档作文“漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容,写了一些无关内容”;三档作文“虽漏掉一些内容,但覆盖所有主要内容”;四档作文“虽漏掉一两个次重点,但覆盖所有主要内容”;五档作文“覆盖所有内容要点”。漏写或没有写清要点均要失分。因此,考生要想英语作文得高分,必须首先要做到要点齐全。
为了避免因遗漏要点而失分,考生应在打草稿时围绕中心把要写明的要点列出。例如,2009年北京卷书面表达应包括以下四个要点:①骑车去植树;②植树;③安插提示牌;④照相留念。考生应该在此基础上组织成文。
二、结构合理
结构合理是指作文的篇章结构要符合事情发展的逻辑顺序,也就是先写什么,后写什么,以使写出来的作文脉络清楚,有层次感。不同题材的文章写法有所不同。记叙文通常按照事情发展的时间先后顺序来写,文章不能缺少“5W1H”,即when, where, who, what, why和how;写议论文则要先确定论点,找出论据,然后组织论证;写说明文时多采用由浅入深,由表及里,先易后难的方法安排文章的结构。
考生在确保要点齐全后,应认真构思,合理安排文章的篇章结构,以便给阅卷老师留下好印象,从而提高文章的得分档次。
三、表达准确
表达准确是指构成作文的句子正确,无语法错误。书面表达考察考生“准确运用英语的表达能力”,而影响准确表达的语法错误对提高文章的档次影响很大。因此,考生写句子时,要严格遵循英语的表达习惯,在句型、人称、时态、主谓一致、冠词、介词、单词拼写及标点符号等方面要认真细心,尽可能不犯一些低级错误,以免影响阅卷老师对自己文章的评判。
四、行文连贯
在确保表达准确之后,考生要注意行文的连贯性。一篇好的文章,并不是要点的简单罗列,而是表达要点的有机结合。“有效地使用语句间的连接成分,使全文紧凑”是高考书面表达重要的评分依据。考生如能在句与句之间,段与段之间恰到好处地使用一些衔接词和过渡语,会给人以文章结构紧凑、自然流畅之感,从而提高文章的得分档次。高考书面表达常用过渡连接词有:
①表时间顺序:at first, now, then, later, meanwhile, at last, in the end, before long, for the first time, from then on, since then
②表并列关系:not only...but also,both...and..., either...or..., neither...nor...,as well as
③表因果关系: as a result, so, therefore, because of,due to,owing to,thanks to
④表转折关系: while, but, however,yet, on the contrary
⑤表解释、说明: that is, that is to say,in other words, namely, such as, for example
⑥表列举: first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), last(ly), in the first (second, third) place ...
⑦表递进关系: what’s more, besides, in addition, worse still, moreover
⑧表总结陈述: to sum up, in a word, in short, in brief, on the whole
请仔细阅读2009年四川卷书面表达的范文,体会如何有效地使用语句间的连接成分,使全文紧凑、语义连惯的。
Dear Jane,
Glad to hear from you and you’re welcome to China in July. The following are some Chinese customs.
Firstly, we greet each other by saying “Hello” or asking such questions as“Where are you going ?” or“Are you busy?” to express our care. Secondly, when praised, we reply with “Oh, no!” or “I’m over-praised”to show good manners. Next, when receiving a gift, we usually say “It’s unnecessary” besides “Thanks” to show politeness and then put it away.Finally, at dinner parties, we talk loudly and touch glasses when drinking to someone’s health or success to show that we’re warm.
Anyhow, different cultures, different customs. If you “Do as the Romans do when in Rome”, you’ll enjoy more of your stay here.
I hope what’s mentioned above might be helpful and wish you a good journey.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
五、句式多变
句式多变是指考生写作时不要一味地只用简单句,而是应根据表达的需要,适时运用倒装句、感叹句、疑问句、名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句和非谓语动词,长短句交错,使文章更具动感和文采,从而增强可读性。句式单一,缺乏生气的文章,哪怕无任何错误也不可能得高分。请看下面句式,仔细体会其优美之处:
感叹句:How I miss you and Mr. Smith ! (2009年山东卷)
倒装句: ...only in this way can I gain more confidence in smiling my troubles away...(2009年福建卷)
疑问句: Faced with such cases, how can you turn a bad mood into a good one? (2009年江西卷)
强调句: It was you who always encouraged me. (2009年山东卷)
独立主格结构: Everything done, they sat in the yard chatting with the elderly people.(2009浙江卷)
分词做状语: In the morning, we bicycled to the suburbs to plant trees, talking and laughing all the way. (2009年北京卷)
定语从句: At this moment, Mr. Jiang, who was the maths teacher of Class 3, was waiting outside the door. (2009湖南卷)
名词性从句: What they did has brought joy to others.(2009年浙江卷)
六、要有“亮点”
高考评分细则把书面表达中是否“使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇”作为考查考生英语水平高低的重要标准。这些较复杂结构或较高级词汇就是文章的“亮点”,它们不仅能充分体现考生的词汇量和整体英语水平,而且能给阅卷老师留下深刻印象,从而提高文章的得分档次。
高级词汇是指表意准确,含义深刻的词汇。而复杂结构则是指我们平常学过的强调句、倒装句、感叹句、非谓语动词、独立主格结构等。这些特殊表达形式的使用能使文章文采倍增,感染力强。请欣赏以下例句,体会其中高级词汇和复杂结构的优美之处:
① April 12 is memorable because our class had a meaningful experience on that day.(2009北京卷)
② Seeing the lines of trees, we all had a sense of achievement. (2009北京卷)
③ I believe it will be of great help to form the good habit of reading. (2009天津卷)
④ I have been trying in vain to contact him. (2009山东卷)
⑤ First,it’s advisable to talk more with your mom. (2009陕西卷)
⑥ Upon arrival, we began to work immediately. (2009北京卷)
⑦ ... it is natural for everyone to meet something frustrating. (2009江西卷)
⑧ Just imagine, all this can be done with a cute mouse. (2009江苏卷)
七、书写工整
书面表达是主观题,人工阅卷,整洁的卷面、清楚漂亮的书写会给阅卷老师好的印象,从而提高阅卷者的“感情分”。高考书面表达评分细则也明确规定“如书写较差,以致影响表达,将分数降低一个档次。”因此,考生要卷面整洁,书写规范,字体工整,字母书写匀称,单词间距适当,大小写、标点符号正确,尽可能把错误降低到最低程度,这样才能确保多拿分或拿高分。