一、热力学第二定律的建立在生产实践中 ,法国人巴本发明了第一部蒸汽机 ,其后经瓦特改进的蒸汽机在 1 9世纪得到了广泛应用 ,提高热机效率的问题成为当时生产领域中的重要课题 .1 9世纪 2 0年代 ,法国工程师卡诺 ( S.Carnot,1 796～ 1 832 )从理论上研究了热机的效率问题 .卡 First, the establishment of the second law of thermodynamics In the production practice, the Frenchman Babben invented the first steam engine, and later the steam engine improved by Watt was widely used in the 19th century. The problem of improving the heat engine efficiency became the field of production at that time. The important issue. 1 In the 20th century in the 20th century, the French engineer Carnot (S. Carnot, 1793-1832) studied theoretically the efficiency of heat engines.