一、社会行为中人的主体性(一)由 S→R到 S(?)R 公式的转变:本世纪初,西方就出现了行为主义。它是通过对动物行为的观察而产生的一个心理学派别。早期代表人物是华生(J.B.Watson),以后又有赫尔(C.L.Hull)、托尔曼(E.-Tolman)和斯金纳(B.F.Skinner)等。华生终生都坚持 S→R(刺激→反应)公式,但他也意识到,在刺激物和对刺激物的反应之间一定有某些中介存在。然而,为了保持体系上的一贯性,他断言这些中介事件和被观察到的事件没有多大差别。近三十年来,以托尔曼为代表的新行为 I. The Subjectivity of Human Beings in Social Behavior A. The Transformation from S → R to S (?) R Formulas: Behaviorism emerged in the West in the beginning of this century. It is a psychology school created by the observation of animal behavior. Early representatives were J.B. Watson, later C.L.Hull, E.-Tolman and B.F. Skinner. Watson always sticks to the S → R (stimulus → reaction) formula for life, but he also realizes that there must be some intermediary between the stimulus and its response to the stimulus. However, in order to maintain the consistency of the system, he asserted that there was not much difference between these intermediary events and the observed events. For nearly three decades, Tolman represented a new act