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美国宪法并没有规定公司是基本权利主体,美国联邦最高法院在很多判例中亦认定美国宪法的特权与豁免条款不适用于公司。宪法第14修正案通过后,尤其是自19世纪80年代以来,美国联邦最高法院逐渐将宪法的保护扩大适用于公司,使得公司成为某些宪法基本权利的主体。这一转变迎合了美国经济发展的需要,使得国内统一大市场的建立成为可能。本文借鉴美国的宪法实践,细致梳理了公司作为基本权利主体的相关理论。
The United States Constitution does not stipulate that the company is the subject of basic rights. In many jurisdictions, the Supreme Court of the United States also finds that the provisions of the constitutional privileges and immunities in the United States do not apply to the company. After the passage of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, and especially since the 1880s, the Supreme Court of the United States gradually extended the protection of the Constitution to corporations, making it the subject of certain fundamental constitutional rights. This change has catered to the needs of the U.S. economy and made it possible to establish a unified domestic market. This article draws lessons from the constitutional practice of the United States, carefully combing the company as the basic rights of the main theory.