虽然小便中可有病毒排出,但由于病毒所致的泌尿道感染(如出血性膀胱炎)是罕见的,细菌仍然是引起泌尿道感染最常见的病原菌,其中以致病性大肠杆菌、克雷白氏菌属、肠道链球菌以及白色葡萄球菌最常见,此外还有无毒力的正常直肠及会阴周围的菌群。此类细菌进入正常无菌的膀胱以及肾脏,主要是通过逆行感染。会阴周围清洁卫生欠佳、女性尿道短、 Although there may be viral excretion in the urine, viral infections such as hemorrhagic cystitis are rare, and bacteria are still the most common pathogens causing urinary tract infections. Among them, pathogenic E. coli, Clostridium, Intestinal Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common, in addition to non-toxic normal rectum and perineal flora. Such bacteria enter the normally sterile bladder as well as the kidneys, primarily through retrograde infection. Poor perineal hygiene, short female urethra,