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近代以来,由国家主导的强迫教育开始出现并普及开来,无组织的家庭教育形式开始向有组织的学校教育形式转移,国家成为了影响人、培育人、塑造人最主要的角色。“在校成人”取代了“在家成人”。文章以家训为参照系,基于近现代修身教科书,从养身和养德两个层面,分析在近现代国家教育语境中,对人的定位和价值取向的变化。认为在塑造人的过程中,家庭和国家发挥着不同的功能,扮演着不同的角色,应该在两者之间找到平衡点,国家不能成为教育人、塑造人的唯一主体。更为重要的是,中国教育在阔步向前的发展进程中,需要停下来做一些回归:对人的回归,对传统的回归,以及对心灵的回归。
Since the beginning of the modern era, forced education led by the state began to emerge and spread. The form of unorganized family education began to shift to the form of organized school education. The state became the most important role of influencing, nurturing and shaping people. “School Adult ” replaced “Adult at Home ”. Based on the family motto as the reference system and based on the modern self-cultivation textbooks, the article analyzes the changes of people’s orientation and value orientation from the aspects of keeping one’s body and keeping good morality in the educational context of modern countries. In the process of shaping people, families and countries play different roles and play different roles. We should find a balance between the two. The state can not be the only subject that educates and shapes people. More importantly, in the process of striding forward the development of education in China, it is necessary to stop and do some reversion: the return to the people, the return to tradition, and the return to the soul.