Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy after radical surgery for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Seventy patients with NSCLC (stage Ⅰ-Ⅲ) undergone radical surgery were randomized into two groups: 35 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide (CTX)300 mg/m2, vincristine (VCR) 1.4% mg/m2, adriamycin (ADM) 50 mg/m2, lomustine (CCNU) 50 mg/m2 d1,cisplatin (DDP) 20 mg/m2, d1-5, for 4 cycles, and followed by oral Ftorafur (FT-207) 600-900 mg/d for 1year (adjuvant chemotherapy group). The other 35patients received surgical treatment only (surgery group). Results: The overall 5-year survival rate was 48.6% in the adjuvant chemotherapy group, and 31.4%in the surgery group, respectively. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P＞0.05). The 5-year survival rate of patients in stage Ⅲwas 44.0% and 20.8% received surgery with and without adjuvant chemotherapy, respectively. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P＜0.025). The 5-year survival rate of patients in stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ in the two groups was 60.0% and 54.5%, respectively (P＞0.75). Conclusion: Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in NSCLC can improve survival, for those patients in stage Ⅲ, it suggests significantly 5-year survival rate in the adjuvant chemotherapy group was higher than that in the surgery alone group.