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改革开放尤其是1992年党的十四大确立发展社会主义市场经济以来,我国吸引外资的规模和速度都很快,已连续三年成为吸引外资最多的发展中国家,在全球也仅次于美国而位居第二。另据不完全统计,全球500家最大跨国公司已有200多家进入我国市场。毫无疑问,外资的引进部分地弥补了国内建设资金的不足,增加了国家税收和出口,减轻了就业压力,促进了外贸和对外经济合作的发展。但是,从我国吸引外资的另一重要目标——通过对跨国公司的技术引进和扩散推动国内相关企业与产业技术水平的提高从而带动产业升级来看,在现阶段并没有取得预期的效果。据第三次工业普查资料显示,与1985年相比,我国工业企业技术和装备水平有了部分提高,但总体状况不容乐观。全国大中型工业技术水平达到国际先进水平的仅占26.9%,而其中的重点行业的技术设备达到国际先进水平的比例更低:电力2.6%,煤炭采掘设备3.5%。其它象医药、水泥行业的技术状况更差。低技术伴随的是低水平的产业发展,因此分析影响我国技术引进和技术扩散的因素并提出一般性的建议具有实际意义。
Since the reform and opening up, especially since the 14th CPC National Congress established the socialist market economy in 1992, the scale and speed of attracting foreign investment in China have been very rapid. China has become the developing country attracting the most foreign investment for three consecutive years, second only to the United States And second place. According to incomplete statistics, more than 200 of the world’s 500 largest multinational corporations have entered the Chinese market. Undoubtedly, the introduction of foreign investment has made up for the deficit of domestic construction funds, increased state taxes and exports, reduced employment pressure and promoted the development of foreign trade and foreign economic cooperation. However, from the other important goal of attracting foreign capital in our country, the upgrading of the technological level of related enterprises and industries in our country and the promotion of industrial upgrading through the introduction and spread of technology by multinational corporations have not achieved the expected results at this stage. According to the data of the third industrial survey, compared with 1985, the level of technology and equipment of China’s industrial enterprises has been partially raised, but the overall situation is not optimistic. Only 26.9% of the nation’s large and medium-sized industrial technology reached the international advanced level, of which the proportion of technical equipment in key industries reached a lower level in the world: electricity 2.6% and coal mining equipment 3.5%. Others like medicine, cement industry’s technical conditions worse. Low-tech is accompanied by low-level industrial development, so it is of practical significance to analyze the factors that affect our country’s technology introduction and technology diffusion and make general suggestions.