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（１）龚纯。我国近百年来的医学教育。中华医史杂志，１９８２，１２（４）：２０９～２１５。（２）王吉民。我国早期留学西洋习医者黄宽传略。同上１９５４，（２）：９８～９９。（３）杨振宁。近代科学进入中国的回顾与前瞻。中国科学基金，１９９４，（２）：７９～８６。十五、美国政府对诺贝尔奖得主在获奖前的资助美国卫生部门官员自诩，他们政府对美国生物科学发展投了很大的资，起了很大的推动作用。美国的国立卫生研究院（ＮＩＨ）是美国卫生部门下设的科研拨款机构，它对生物科学研究的资助数额是各基金会中最大的。今以美国政府对诺贝尔奖获得者在获奖前所投的资为例来说明（根据ＮＩＨ资料）。在１９０１～１９７７年期间，美国公民获得诺贝尔奖者共１３６人，其中有５２人为生理学或医学奖，２１人为化学奖。从１９３８年ＮＩＨ建院时起，共资助了上述两种奖的获奖者６８位，其中有４５位在获奖前得到ＮＩＨ基金的资助。如以１９７７年同时获生理学或医学奖的３位美国生物科学家为例：盖利明（ＲＣＬＧｕｉｌｌｅｍｉｎ）在获奖的２１年前开始即得到多次ＮＩＨ资助（１９５６～１９７８，１９６６～１９６７，１９７４～１９７５）；沙利（ＡＶＳｃｈａｌｌｙ）获得１９６０～１９７８?
(1) Gong Chun. Medical Education in China in the Past Hundred Years. Chinese Medical Journal, 1982,12 (4): 209 ~ 215. (2) Wang Jimin. Huang Wuguan, an early Western student studying in China. Ibid 1954, (2): 98 ~ 99. (3) Yang Zhenning. Review and Prospect of Modern Science Entering China. Chinese Science Foundation, 1994, (2): 79 ~ 86. 15. The U.S. Government Favors Nobel Prize Winners Prior to Prize Privatization The officials in the U.S. Department of Health boasted that their government had greatly contributed to the development of the U.S. biological sciences. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States, a research funding agency under the U.S. Department of Health, is the largest contributor to bioscience research. This is illustrated by the example of the U.S. government on the amount of money that the Nobel laureate had won before winning the award (according to the NIH data). Between 1901 and 1977, 136 Americans were Nobel laureates, of whom 52 were Physiological or Medical Awards and 21 were Chemical Awards. Since the establishment of the NIH Institute in 1938, a total of 68 recipients of the above two awards have been awarded, of which 45 were funded by the NIH Fund prior to the award. Take, for example, three American biologists who received both the Physiology and Medicine Award in 1977: RCL Guillemin received several NIH grants 21 years before winning the prize (1956-1978, 1966-1967, 1974-1975) ; AVSchally obtained 1960 ~ 1978?