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个人效用是生理需要、安全需要、社交需要、尊重需要(自我尊重、被他人尊重、抑恶扬善、除暴安良、助人为乐、行善积德、利他行为)、自我需要的函数。利他行为既然是一种不计得失、牺牲自我的特殊个人自利需要。每个学期的调查问卷显示,几乎每个人的效用偏好中,都存在行善利他需要,但越是涉及成本、越微观,利他倾向越弱,人们的利他倾向与其成本代价成反比。
Personal utility is a function of self-need for physical needs, safety needs, social needs, respect for needs (self-respect, respect by others, suppression of evil and good, temperance, goodwill, good deeds and altruism). Since altruistic behavior is a kind of special loss-making, self-sacrificing self-need of self-interest. The questionnaire for each semester shows that almost every individual’s utility preference has the need of doing good and altruistically. However, the more it involves the cost, the more the microscopic and the altruistic tendency is weaker. The people’s altruistic tendency is inversely proportional to their cost and cost.