受试对象、处理因素和实验效应是科研设计的3个基本要素。1受试对象受试对象是指研究者施加处理因素的对象。据研究目的不同,医学研究的受试对象有人和动物。选择人作为研究对象时,必须遵循医德要求,应有明确的纳人和排除标准,确保观察对象的同质可比性。选择动物作为研究时,应紧紧围绕着实验目的,选择稳定、变异性小,对处理因 Subjects, treatment factors and experimental effects of scientific research and design is the three basic elements. 1 Subjects Subjects are subjects to which the investigator applies treatment factors. According to different research purposes, the medical research subjects and human subjects. When selecting people as the research object, we must follow the requirements of medical ethics. There should be a clear inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure the homogeneity and comparability of the observed objects. When selecting animals for research, we should focus on the purpose of the experiment tightly, choosing stable, little variability,