任何时代都不免存在这样或那样的社会问题,任何时代又都毫无例外地必然产生旨在解决这些问题的社会思想,而围绕着如何解决时代的主要矛盾,就要汇成汹涌的社会思潮。近代中国面临的最大的现实问题就是西方资本主义文明的挑战。面对这样一个无法逃避的严峻事实,如何加速中国的近代化、解除迫在眉睫的民族危机,就很自然地成为时代的思想主题。鸦片战争时期的“师夷制夷”、洋务派的“自强”、维新派的“变法”、革命派的“反清”,都不仅仅表现为轰轰烈烈的外部运动,而且首先是作为社会思潮、作为蕴含着时代主题的内在思想而出现的。在民族危机日益严重的关头,中国近代的知识分子勇敢地承担了思想先行的重任,他们经历了无数次的探索、实践、失败、再探索、再实践的痛苦磨难,为民族的振兴、祖国的富强描绘出一幅又一幅宏伟的蓝图,不断深入地揭示 In any era, there are inevitably social problems of one kind or another. In any era, social ideologies aimed at resolving these problems are inevitably produced at any time. However, how to solve the major contradictions of the times must be combined into a surging social trend of thoughts. The biggest realistic problem confronting China in modern times is the challenge of the western capitalist civilization. In the face of such an unavoidable and serious fact, it is naturally the theme of the times that how to speed up China’s modernization and lift the imminent national crisis. During the Opium War, “teachers were barbarians”, the “self-improvement” of the Westernization Movement, the “Reform Act” of the Reformists, and the “anti-Qing” revolutionaries all represented not only the vigorous external movement but also the social ideological trend, Emerge as the inner thought containing the theme of the times. At a time when the national crisis is getting worse, modern Chinese intellectuals bravely assumed the important task of ideological advancement. They experienced countless explorations, practices, failures, further explorations and painful trials and tribulations, the rejuvenation of the nation, the motherland’s Fortune depicts one after another magnificent blueprint, revealing constantly