GDF15 promotes prostate cancer bone metastasis and colonization through osteoblastic CCL2 and RANKL

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INTRODUCTIONrnProstate cancer (PCa), the most common malignant tumor in men, is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in males worldwide1. Patients with advanced PCa frequently exhibit distant metastasis, with bone being the preferential site in nearly 90%of metastatic PCa patients2. Skeletal metastasis is one of the leading causes of mortality in PCa patients3.
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