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近年来,我国乡镇企业发展很快,从业人员已达8000余万人,约占农村劳动力的20%;在一些乡镇工业发达的地区其比例更大,可占农村劳动力的70—80%。乡镇企业的发展对振兴我国农村经济,提高农民的物质和文化水平,缩小城乡差别,消化农村剩余劳动力,解决就业问题,都具有十分重要意义,但是也给农村职业卫生工作和保护环境带来一系列新的问题。据重点省市乡镇工业职业危害调查结果,有职业危害因素的工厂约占50%以上,接触各种职业危害因素的人数约占生产工人数的20%,车间空气中矽尘浓度和几种常见毒物的浓度,一般多超过国家卫生标准的数十倍,矽肺、煤矽肺、石棉肺的检出率可达3.8%;铅、苯、汞、铬四种毒物的中毒检出率达5.6%,个别企业的职业危害更为严重,不仅慢性中毒率高,而且发生急性中毒死亡事故。由于乡镇工业产生的废气、废水和废渣未予积极治理,任意排放,对农村大气、江河湖泊和农田造成不同程度的污染,如不高度重视,长期下去,势必对环境和生态造成不可挽救的恶果。产生这些问题的原因是多方面的,从主观上来看,某些乡镇企业的领导及其主管部门的领导,对乡镇企业的职业危害和污染环境的严重后果认识不够,只注重眼前的经济效益,忽视了保护劳动力、保护环境的长远效益;从客观上来看,由于多数乡镇企业技术水平低,工艺较为落后,设备简陋,资金不足,管理干部缺乏经验、水平不高,以及大多数乡镇企业没有医疗卫生保健机构等等。
In recent years, the development of township enterprises in our country has been developing rapidly with more than 80 million employees, accounting for about 20% of the rural labor force. In some areas with developed industries in towns and villages, the proportion is even larger, accounting for 70-80% of the rural labor force. The development of township and village enterprises is of great significance to rejuvenating the rural economy in our country, raising the material and cultural level of farmers, narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas, digesting the rural surplus labor force and solving the employment problem, but it also brings about a great contribution to the work of rural occupational health and the protection of the environment Series of new problems. According to the survey results of industrial occupational hazards in key towns and cities and townships, factories with occupational hazards account for about 50% or more, workers exposed to various occupational hazards account for about 20% of the total number of workers, the concentration of silica dust in the air of the workshop and several common The concentration of poison generally exceeds the national health standards by a few times, and the detection rate of silicosis, coal silicosis and asbestosis can reach 3.8%. The detection rate of poisoning of lead, benzene, mercury and chromium is 5.6% Occupational hazards of individual companies more serious, not only chronic poisoning rate, but also acute poisoning deaths. As the waste gas, waste water and waste residue generated by the township and village industries are not actively controlled and discharged arbitrarily, causing varying degrees of pollution to the rural atmosphere, rivers, lakes and farmlands, and if not attached great importance to the long term, are bound to cause irreparable harm to the environment and ecology . There are many reasons for these problems. From a subjective point of view, the leadership of some TVEs and the leadership of their competent authorities do not fully understand the occupational hazards of TVEs and the serious consequences of polluting the environment. They only pay attention to immediate economic benefits, From an objective point of view, most township and village enterprises have a low level of technology, a backward technology, poor facilities, inadequate funds, inexperienced management cadres and a low standard of living. Most township and village enterprises do not have medical care Health care institutions and more.