Insecticide resistance in Indian Anopheles: A stumbling block for malaria elimination

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Malaria is a mosquito-be disease caused by protozoan parasites of Plasmodium genus, inflicting health of human living in tropical and subtropical regions of the globe since time immemorial. India possesses highly diverged eco-climatic regions and rich biodiversity and is also highly endemic to malaria, contributing to about 87%of total cases in Southeast Asia and about 4% to the global malaria cases[1]. Although African countries contribute majorly to global malaria, malaria in India was considered to be highly complex due to several factors, including distribution of large varieties of species and subspecies of Anopheles mosquitoes adapted to different geographic locations[2]. For example, the malaria vector Anopheles (An.) culicifacies, mainly distributed in rural areas, is responsible for transmission of about 65% of total malaria cases and An. fluviatilis, distributed mainly in hilly forested areas, contributes to about 17% of total cases in India[3]. Other species distributed locally and focally, e.g., An. minimus and An. baimai (Northeast states), An. sundaicus (Andaman and Nicobar Island) and An. stephensi (urban areas) transmit malaria in their respective confined areas of distribution. Apart from these six primary vectors of malaria, some secondary malaria vectors, e.g., An. annularis, An. subpictus, An. philippinensis and An. jeyporiensis also spread malaria to some extent in India[4].
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