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Many riparian (Tugai) forests growing along rivers in arid and hyper-arid regions of Central Asia are dominated by the Euphrates poplar (Populus euphratica).Besides generative reproduction,which is only possible upon flooding events and at a distance to the groundwater of less than 2 m,this phreatophytic tree species also reproduces vegetatively by forming clones that can cover land surface areas of several hectares.Along a gradient of groundwater distances,we investigated whether the fraction of clones in P.euphratica stands (1) increases with increasing distance to the water table;(2) is higher if supplied with water via river cut-offs;and (3) approaches 100％ at a short distance to the groundwater,but at high salt concentrations in the upper soil layers,which would prevent germination and establishment of seedlings.AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) analyses were conducted on leaf samples taken from mature P.euphratica trees growing at the fringes of the Taklimakan Desert in stands with different distances (2-12 m) to the groundwater at two plots at the middle and the lower reaches of the Tarim River and in a stand close to Ebinur Lake,Xinjiang,China.Genetic diversity was large among plots,but considerably smaller within plots.We found the highest genetic diversity (caused by regeneration from seeds) at plots that have a short distance to the groundwater or are supplied with additional water.There was no significant relationship between groundwater distance and clonal fraction.All investigated trees at the saline Ebinur Lake site belonged to one single clone.Our results demonstrate that the genetic patt of this widespread species is not easily predictable even over small distances as it is a result of a complex interplay of stand history and dispersal of propagules (pollen,seeds,and vegetative diaspores) by wind and water.In conservation and restoration schemes,P.euphratica stands with a high genetic diversity and stands that grow at short distances to the water table and are regularly subjected to flooding (which favors generative over clonal reproduction) should be prioritized.