肾细胞癌(RCC)的自然病史难以预料,其临床表现又错综复杂,除局部症状(疼痛、血尿和肾肿块)外,更为常见的是全身性(发热、贫血、肝病和神经肌肉病)和内分泌性症状(红细胞增多、高血压和高血钙)。因此,尽管近年来诊断方法取得了进展,大约30％RCC就诊时已发生转移,而局限性癌(Ⅰ～Ⅱ期)作根治性肾切除术后半数会发生转移 The natural history of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is unpredictable, and its clinical manifestations are intricate. Except for local symptoms (pain, hematuria, and renal masses), the more common are systemic (fever, anemia, liver disease, and neuromuscular disease) and Endocrine symptoms (erythroblastosis, hypertension, and hypercalcemia). Therefore, despite recent advances in diagnostic methods, approximately 30% of RCCs have metastasized at the time of diagnosis, and localized cancers (stages I-II) undergo metastasis after radical nephrectomy.