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应用长期定位试验方法,研究了洞庭湖区非粮食作物棉花-油菜轮作下,农民习惯施肥(TF)、配方施肥(NPK)及有机肥和化肥不同配比模式[有机肥来源氮占配方肥总氮量的50%(50%OM)、30%(30%OM)和10%(10%OM)]的作物产量和土壤养分的变化,以期为相应作物种植制度下的合理施肥提供参考。研究结果表明:有机肥和化肥配施显著提高了棉花和油菜的产量,且以50%OM处理产量最高,各处理产量顺序为50%OM>30%OM>10%OM>NPK>TF>CK(不施肥对照);当有机氮施用量占总氮量的50%时(50%OM处理),棉花和油菜产量分别比NPK处理高24.52%、29.57%,比习惯施肥(TF)处理分别高46.03%和49.07%。同时,施用有机肥各处理作物产量的年际变化均不到20%,明显小于NPK、TF和CK处理,即施用有机肥不仅能促进旱地作物高产,同时也能保证其稳产。有机肥与化肥配施能增加土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量,且以50%OM处理效果最好,与试验前比较的增加幅度分别达57.5%、38.2%、65.1%和48.1%;土壤有效磷含量有随施入磷素量的增加而增加趋势;而CK处理土壤有机质和养分含量则均呈逐年下降的趋势。各处理土壤有机质和养分含量(Y)随试验年限(X)的变化均可用方程式Y=a X+b来表示。在洞庭湖区肥力较高的旱地土壤中,合理的有机肥和化肥施用比例对保障非粮作物高产稳产和耕地地力提升尤为重要,且当有机肥来源氮素占总施氮量的50%时能获得最佳效果。
Using the long-term experiment method, the non-food crops in the Dongting Lake cotton-canola crop rotation, peasant habitat fertilization (TF), formula fertilization (NPK) and different ratio of organic manure and chemical fertilizer [organic manure nitrogen (50% OM), 30% (30% OM) and 10% (10% OM) of the crop yield and soil nutrient content, in order to provide reference for the rational fertilization under the corresponding cropping system. The results showed that the combination of organic manure and chemical fertilizer significantly increased the yield of cotton and rapeseed. The yield of cotton and rapeseed was the highest at 50% OM with the order of 50% OM> 30% OM> 10% OM> NPK> TF> CK (No fertilizer control). When the amount of organic nitrogen was 50% of the total nitrogen (50% OM treatment), the yield of cotton and rape were 24.52% and 29.57% higher than that of NPK, respectively, 46.03% and 49.07% respectively. At the same time, the annual variation of crop yields under application of organic manure was less than 20%, which was significantly lower than that of NPK, TF and CK treatments. That is, the application of organic manure not only promoted the high yield of dry land crops, but also ensured the stable yield. The application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers can increase the content of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available potassium in soil, and the treatment with 50% OM is the best, with the increase rate of 57.5%, 38.2% and 65.1% 48.1%. Soil available P content increased with the increase of applied phosphorus content, while soil organic matter and nutrient content of CK decreased with year. The changes of soil organic matter and nutrient content (Y) with treatment years (X) can be expressed by the equation Y = a X + b. In dryland soil with higher fertility in Dongting Lake area, the proportion of rational organic manure and chemical fertilizer is particularly important to ensure the high and stable yield of non-grain crops and the improvement of arable land productivity. When organic manure source nitrogen accounts for 50% of the total nitrogen application Get the best results.