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本文的主旨,是用交易来解释城市的生成、发展、密度与规模的决定和产业布局,以及制度变革和政策变化对城市的影响。静态地看,交易能带来交易红利。对交易红利的追逐导致人们之间的集聚;集聚会产生市场网络外部性,也会产生拥挤外部性,两者之差形成了集聚租。当对应人口密度的集聚租达到极大值时,人口密度达到了最佳均衡,城市的经济密度和规模也由此决定。由于人们涌入城市的动力与他们从中获得了利益成正比,所以城市生成过程的时间分布与对应人口密度变动的经济收入变动相类似。由于经济规模越大,越具有集聚效应,不同产业会因其最佳经济规模不同,而依集聚效应的大小而从市中心向外分布。最后,制度变迁所带来的非市场的单位交易费用的下降,可以通过对交易量的影响而影响到城市的密度与规模;政策的变化也会对交易费用产生影响,从而影响到城市的密度与规模,但其影响不如制度变迁的影响显著而持续。
The purpose of this paper is to use transactions to explain the city’s generation, development, density and size of the decision and industrial layout, as well as institutional changes and policy changes on the city. Statically, the transaction can bring the transaction bonus. The chase of the transaction bonus leads to the gathering among people; the gathering will produce the market network externalities, also will produce the crowded externality, the difference between the two forms the gathering rent. When the population density corresponding to the population density reaches the maximum value, the population density reaches the optimal equilibrium, and the economic density and scale of the city are also determined accordingly. Since people are driven into urban areas in direct proportion to the benefits they derive from them, the time distribution of urban generation processes is similar to the changes in economic income corresponding to changes in population density. Owing to the larger economy and the more agglomeration effect, different industries will be distributed out of the city center due to their different optimal economic scales depending on the size of the agglomeration effect. Finally, the decline in transaction costs of non-market units brought about by institutional changes can affect the density and size of cities by affecting the volume of transactions. Changes in policies also have an impact on transaction costs, thus affecting the density of cities And the scale, but its impact is not as significant as the impact of institutional change.