【摘 要】
：
Non-farm income sources are important for livelihood sustenance,especially in the mountainous regions of developing countries.To implement effective policies to improve economic development,policymakers need insights at the grassroots level.Yet,there is a
【机 构】
：
Faculty of Science and Technology,Free University of Bozen-Bolzano,Bolzano 39100,Italy;Sustainable D
论文部分内容阅读
Non-farm income sources are important for livelihood sustenance,especially in the mountainous regions of developing countries.To implement effective policies to improve economic development,policymakers need insights at the grassroots level.Yet,there is a lack of empirical evidence in the context of Pakistan.This study examines the current situation and the factors influencing the decision by farmers to engage in other gainful activities(OGAs)such as farm diversification and off-farm work in the northern mountainous regions of Pakistan.The study is based on quantitative survey data obtained from 459 farm managers and qualitative data from 24 key informants from five different districts in Gilgit-Baltistan.Utilizing a logistic regression model,a statistical analysis is conducted on farmer and farm characteristics to investigate the probability of farm managers to engage in OGAs.The survey results show that around 71％of farm managers are engaged in OGAs(with 24％in farm diversification,61％in off-farm work and 15％in both).The share of female farm managers is 51％in farm diversification while male farm managers dominate off-farm activities(69％).The most prevalent types of farm diversification are the processing of farm products and tourism-related farm work,while the main off-farm activities are setting up grocery stores outside the farm,having salaried jobs or engaging in other non-agricultural business.There are significant differences between farmers with and without OGAs particularly regarding farmer characteristics,agricultural income and some other variables.The logit model results show that farmer characteristics mainly determine off-farm work activities while farm(and other)characteristics mostly explain farm diversification.These findings suggest that OGAs primarily exist as livelihood strategies.Farm diversification is linked with the long-term sustenance of agricultural activities while off-farm work is predominantly driven by economic needs.Both types of OGAs require specific support policies while attention needs to be given not to threaten regional food supply.
其他文献
The Tibetan Plateau is known as the“Asian water tower”,and changes in its surface water distribution are important indicators of global climate change and the regional response to these changes.Dynamic monitoring of the surface water on the Tibetan Platea
Water-rock flow is a kind of debris flow with more coarse particles and low viscosity,which occurs in many areas of the world.In this work,the water-rock flow that occurred on May 24,2010,at Nanfen\'s open-pit mine of China was investigated by combining
掌握影响定制公交选择概率的因素,对于定制公交的运营管理具有重要作用.结合广义Logit回归模型和条件Logit回归模型的混合模型,将居民个人属性与出行方案属性同时考虑进出行方式效用函数中.根据定制公交的在旅途距离及服务水平的设置定位,选取定制公交、出租车与常规公交作为出行选择集.运用问卷调查数据进行模型参数拟合,得到不同影响因素对于出行方式的边际效用和分布概率的影响.通过拟合结果,得到出行价格变量的系数在常规公交及定制公交1的效用函数中绝对值较大,分别为0.1954和0.1173,而在定制公交2和出租车的
On 28th July 2018,a massive landslide occurred in a mountainous area in Northern Thailand.The landslide after ten days of heavy rainfall generated the movement of uphill mountain soil into the populated village.This study presents a comprehensive failure
As an important ecotone,the alpine timberline is the boundary between closed-canopy montane forest and alpine vegetation,and is highly sensitive to global and regional climate changes.We provided a way to identify and extract the alpine timberline in Yarl
An accurate landslide displacement prediction is an important part of landslide warning system.Aiming at the dynamic characteristics of landslide evolution and the shortcomings of traditional static prediction models,this paper proposes a dynamic predicti
Vegetation coverage recovery after the Wenchuan earthquake has important implications for preventing post-seismic geohazards and soil erosion.However,spatiotemporal changes in vegetation coverage recovery and its driving factors have not been sufficiently
采用能量不等式方法并结合冻结系数法,对一阶线性变系数对流方程迎风格式的稳定性进行研究,得到迎风格式稳定性的条件,并通过数值实验验证稳定性分析理论的正确性.
提出了一种通过偏振模式耦合方式实现分布反馈光纤激光器保偏输出的方法,分布反馈光纤激光器是由刻写在有源光纤上的相移光栅构成的一种窄线宽光源.由于侧面紫外曝光过程造成的光纤极化,这种光纤光栅激光具有线偏振特性,但光路结构一般是由单模光纤构成,因此激光的线偏振特性无法保持.通过监测激光偏振耦合输出功率,可以间接识别激光线偏振方向,将激光线偏振方向和保偏尾纤二次耦合熔接,可以实现窄线宽分布反馈光纤激光的保偏输出.实验得到了偏振消光比大于30 dB,输出稳定线偏振光的分布反馈光纤激光器,且激光效率、线宽、噪声等较原
The Andean forests of northern Ecuador are known for their high levels of plant diversity relative to the area they occupy.Typically,these forests grow on steep slopes that lead to dramatic habitat gradients across short distances.These extreme habitat gr