“清议”是封建专制统治下言官所发表的意见。其中又可分为两类:一是对君主的进谏;一是对失职官吏的参劾。“清议”一般是单独提出的,很少联名上奏。甲午中日战争时期,清朝言官发表意见特别频繁。这虽然与帝后两党对立有关,但基本上是由于民族危机的严重。而发出清议者也不仅限于言官,后来一般不当权的中下级京官也纷纷 “Qing-ming” is the opinion of the government official under the feudal autocratic rule. One can be divided into two categories: one is the remonstration of the monarch; the other is the disqualification of official officials. “Qing-ming” is generally proposed separately, rarely played together. During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, the voices voiced by the Qing government were particularly frequent. Although this is related to the opposition of the two parties after the Empress Dowager, it is basically due to the serious national crisis. The issue of purveyors is not limited to speech officials, and later generally inadvertently lower and middle Beijing officials also have