论文部分内容阅读
一篇文章通常可分为三个部分,即开头、正文和结尾。这三个部分安排得是否得体,直接影响到文章的质量。
文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山,用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题,使读者了解文章要谈论什么,一下子引起读者的兴趣。
一、英语作文常见的开头形式
(一)开门见山,提示主题
文章一开头,就交代清楚文章的主题是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation?”(我怎样度假)的开头是:
I spent my last vacation happily.
下面是题为“Honesty”(诚实)一文中的开头:
Honesty is one of the best virtues. An honest man is always trusted and respected.
On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a “liar”, and is looked down upon by honest people.
(二)交代人物、事情、时间或环境的开头
在文章的开头,先把人物、事件和环境交代清楚。例如“A Trip to Jinshan”(去金山旅游)的开头:
The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. It took three hours to ride here. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.
(三)回忆性的开头
用回忆的方法来开头。例如:“A Trip to the Taishan Mountain”)(泰山游)的开头是:
I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.
(四) 概括性的开头
即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头:
People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.
(五)介绍环境式的开头
即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是:
It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.
(六)交代写作目的的开头
在文章的一开头就交代写作目的,如通过文章要表扬谁,批评谁,或说明一个什么问题等。如“Pollution Control”(控制污染)的开头:
In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.
二、英语作文常见的结尾形式
文章结尾的作用是概括全文内容,进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想,使文章意义表达得更加深刻。文章结尾的形式也是多种多样的,常见的有以下几种:
(一)首尾呼应
在文章的结尾,把含义较深的话放在末尾,以点明主题,深化主题,起到画龙点睛的效果。如“I Cannot Forget Her”(我忘不了她)的结尾:
After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.
(二)自然结尾
随着文章的结束,文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)的结尾:
I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.
(三)用反问结尾
虽然形式是问句,但意义却是肯定的,并具有特别的强调作用,引起读者深思。如“Should We Learn to Do Housework?”(我们要不要学做家务?)的结尾:
Everyone should learn to do housework. Don’t you agree, boys and girls?
(四)含蓄的结尾
用比喻或含蓄的手法,不直接点明作者的看法,而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如“A Day of Harvest”(收割的日子)的结尾:
Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.
(五)重复主题句
结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上,达到强调的效果。如“I Love My Hometown”(我爱我的家乡)的结尾:
I love my hometown, and I love its people. They too have changed. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.
(六)指明方向,激励读者
结尾表示对未来的展望,或期待读者投入行动。如“Let’s Go in for Sports”(让我们参加体育运动)的结尾:
As we have said above, sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work better. A sound mind is in a sound body. Let’s go in for sports.
三、常见的信件开头结尾表达方式
(一)信件开头常用语
Your letter came to me this morning.
I have received your letter of July the 20th.
I’m writing to you about the lecture to be given next Monday. (我把下个星期一要作的报告内容写给你。)
I’m writing to ask if you can come next week.
How time flies! It’s three months since I saw you last time.
Thank you for your letter.
In reply to your letter about (the exhibition this year)…
Let me tell you that…
(二)信件结尾常用语
Please remember me to your whole family.
Give my best regards(wishes) to your mother.
Best wishes.
With love.
Wish you a pleasant journey.
Wish you success.
Wish you the best of health(luck).
Looking forward to your next visit to China.
Looking forward to the pleasure of meeting you. (十分期望见到你。)
Expecting to hear from you as soon as possible.
(三)表示感谢的信的开头语
Thank you for your interesting/kind/informative letter which arrived yesterday/this morning/the day before yesterday/last week.
Thank you for your birthday card.
Many thanks for your sending me the book on Shakespeare. It was very kind of you.
It was nice of you to send me the beautiful album of stamps which arrived this morning.(我今早收到了你寄给我的那本精美的集邮册,你真是太好了。)
I really don’t know how to thank you enough.
(四)表示道歉的信的开头语
I was sorry I couldn’t write earlier. I went on business for Beijing when your letter arrived. (很抱歉,没有早点写回信。你的来信寄到时,我到北京出差了。)
Sorry for delaying this letter so long. I’ve been terribly busy with the new term starting. 这么久才写信真不好意思,新学期一开始我就一直很忙。
I must apologize for not writing back.
(五)表示高兴的开头语
I was so/very delighted/happy/pleased to receive your wonderful letter.
I was very delighted to have the wonderful gift you sent to me. It was very kind of you.
(六)表示遗憾的开头语
I was sorry to learn that you were ill. I hope you are getting better soon.
I was so sorry that we didn’t meet when you were in Beijing last week. I happened to be away on business and didn’t come back until today.
(七)常见的书信结尾表达方式
I’m looking forward to seeing you.
I’m looking forward to your early reply.
We are longing to hear from you.
We are looking forward to hearing from you soon.
文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山,用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题,使读者了解文章要谈论什么,一下子引起读者的兴趣。
一、英语作文常见的开头形式
(一)开门见山,提示主题
文章一开头,就交代清楚文章的主题是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation?”(我怎样度假)的开头是:
I spent my last vacation happily.
下面是题为“Honesty”(诚实)一文中的开头:
Honesty is one of the best virtues. An honest man is always trusted and respected.
On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a “liar”, and is looked down upon by honest people.
(二)交代人物、事情、时间或环境的开头
在文章的开头,先把人物、事件和环境交代清楚。例如“A Trip to Jinshan”(去金山旅游)的开头:
The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. It took three hours to ride here. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.
(三)回忆性的开头
用回忆的方法来开头。例如:“A Trip to the Taishan Mountain”)(泰山游)的开头是:
I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.
(四) 概括性的开头
即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头:
People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.
(五)介绍环境式的开头
即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是:
It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.
(六)交代写作目的的开头
在文章的一开头就交代写作目的,如通过文章要表扬谁,批评谁,或说明一个什么问题等。如“Pollution Control”(控制污染)的开头:
In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.
二、英语作文常见的结尾形式
文章结尾的作用是概括全文内容,进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想,使文章意义表达得更加深刻。文章结尾的形式也是多种多样的,常见的有以下几种:
(一)首尾呼应
在文章的结尾,把含义较深的话放在末尾,以点明主题,深化主题,起到画龙点睛的效果。如“I Cannot Forget Her”(我忘不了她)的结尾:
After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.
(二)自然结尾
随着文章的结束,文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)的结尾:
I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.
(三)用反问结尾
虽然形式是问句,但意义却是肯定的,并具有特别的强调作用,引起读者深思。如“Should We Learn to Do Housework?”(我们要不要学做家务?)的结尾:
Everyone should learn to do housework. Don’t you agree, boys and girls?
(四)含蓄的结尾
用比喻或含蓄的手法,不直接点明作者的看法,而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如“A Day of Harvest”(收割的日子)的结尾:
Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.
(五)重复主题句
结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上,达到强调的效果。如“I Love My Hometown”(我爱我的家乡)的结尾:
I love my hometown, and I love its people. They too have changed. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.
(六)指明方向,激励读者
结尾表示对未来的展望,或期待读者投入行动。如“Let’s Go in for Sports”(让我们参加体育运动)的结尾:
As we have said above, sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work better. A sound mind is in a sound body. Let’s go in for sports.
三、常见的信件开头结尾表达方式
(一)信件开头常用语
Your letter came to me this morning.
I have received your letter of July the 20th.
I’m writing to you about the lecture to be given next Monday. (我把下个星期一要作的报告内容写给你。)
I’m writing to ask if you can come next week.
How time flies! It’s three months since I saw you last time.
Thank you for your letter.
In reply to your letter about (the exhibition this year)…
Let me tell you that…
(二)信件结尾常用语
Please remember me to your whole family.
Give my best regards(wishes) to your mother.
Best wishes.
With love.
Wish you a pleasant journey.
Wish you success.
Wish you the best of health(luck).
Looking forward to your next visit to China.
Looking forward to the pleasure of meeting you. (十分期望见到你。)
Expecting to hear from you as soon as possible.
(三)表示感谢的信的开头语
Thank you for your interesting/kind/informative letter which arrived yesterday/this morning/the day before yesterday/last week.
Thank you for your birthday card.
Many thanks for your sending me the book on Shakespeare. It was very kind of you.
It was nice of you to send me the beautiful album of stamps which arrived this morning.(我今早收到了你寄给我的那本精美的集邮册,你真是太好了。)
I really don’t know how to thank you enough.
(四)表示道歉的信的开头语
I was sorry I couldn’t write earlier. I went on business for Beijing when your letter arrived. (很抱歉,没有早点写回信。你的来信寄到时,我到北京出差了。)
Sorry for delaying this letter so long. I’ve been terribly busy with the new term starting. 这么久才写信真不好意思,新学期一开始我就一直很忙。
I must apologize for not writing back.
(五)表示高兴的开头语
I was so/very delighted/happy/pleased to receive your wonderful letter.
I was very delighted to have the wonderful gift you sent to me. It was very kind of you.
(六)表示遗憾的开头语
I was sorry to learn that you were ill. I hope you are getting better soon.
I was so sorry that we didn’t meet when you were in Beijing last week. I happened to be away on business and didn’t come back until today.
(七)常见的书信结尾表达方式
I’m looking forward to seeing you.
I’m looking forward to your early reply.
We are longing to hear from you.
We are looking forward to hearing from you soon.