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Kathleen Kuehnast， the director of the United States Institute of Peace's Center for Gender and Peacebuilding was among five experts in one of two panel discussions on 9 September 2014 that were part of a daylong UN High Level Forum on the Culture of Peace. The panel， entitled "The Role and Contributions of Women and Youth to the Culture of Peace，" also included Lakshmi Puri， assistant secretary-general for UN Women， and Ahmad Alhendawi， the UN secretary-general's envoy on youth. Nobel Peace laureate Leymah Gbowee， founder and president of Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa， gave the keynote address earlier in the day. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for a movement in her native Liberia that helped Christian and Muslim women bridge divides during the country's civil war.
The panel discussion with Kuehnast was moderated by Ambassador Anwarul K. Chowdhury， a former UN under-secretary-general and longtime peace activist from Bangladesh whose initiative led to the 1999 resolution. When Bangladesh held the presidency of the UN Security Council in 2000， he also led the adoption of the landmark Resolution 1325， which called for greater protection and involvement of women in peace and security.
The following is Kuehnast's presentation， after introductory acknowledgements. Her statement reflects her own views， and not necessarily those of the U.S. Institute of Peace.
Kathleen Kuehnast是美国和平研究所性别和和平建设中心的主任，她出席了2014年9月9日召开的联合国和平文化高级别论坛，与其他四位专家一同参与了两个特别小组讨论中的一个。这一特别小组名为“妇女和青年在和平文化中所发挥的作用和所做的贡献”，参与其中的还有联合国妇女署助理秘书长拉克希米·普里和联合国秘书长青年特使艾哈迈德·欣达维。诺贝尔和平奖获得者、非洲古博韦和平基金创始人及主席莱伊曼·古博韦于同天早些时候发表主题演讲。她因在利比里亚内战期间开展帮助基督教和穆斯林妇女弥合差异的活动而荣获诺贝尔和平奖。
Kuehnast所参与的特别小组讨论由联合国前副秘书长安瓦鲁·K·乔德哈瑞大使主持，他来自孟加拉，一直以来都是和平活动家，其倡议最终形成了1999年的决议（《和平文化宣言和行动纲领》）。2000年，在孟加拉担任联合国安理会主席国期间，他也促成了里程碑式的的1325号决议的通过，呼吁妇女更多地参与和平和安全建设，并为她们提供更好的保护。
在介绍致谢之后，Kuehnast的演说如下。她的论述表达了她个人的观点，并非全都为美国和平研究所所持的观点。
The first American president， George Washington， stated that he did not want an Office of War without an Office of Peace. Two hundred years later in 1984， the U.S. Congress created the U.S. Institute of Peace with a mandate to prevent， mitigate and resolve violent conflicts around the world， and to focus on peacebuilding.
首位美国总统乔治·华盛顿说过，他不会在没有和平办公室的情况下成立战争办公室。200年后的1984年，美国国会成立了美国和平研究所，旨在防止、减少和解决全世界范围内的暴力冲突，专注于和平建设。
It took two centuries to enact Washington's desire for an "office" of peace， and perhaps there are lessons learned [that] we might reflect upon this afternoon as we discuss the culture of peace today. I would like to make three points related to gender and the culture of peace. First， a culture of peace needs dynamic and creative leadership to organize for peace. Second， a culture of peace must have an inclusive approach that does not "instrumentalize" women or children. Finally， a culture of peace requires a well-funded effort.
将华盛顿总统的愿望付诸实践，建设起一个和平“办公室”用了两个世纪，也许在我们今天下午讨论和平文化的时候会对此加以思考。关于性别与和平文化，我想谈三个观点。
首先，和平文化需要有活力和有创造性的领导力来规划和平。第二，和平文化必须是一条包容的道路，不应将妇女或儿童“工具化”。第三，和平文化需要良好的资金支持。
Leadership
领导力
Nearly five decades ago， Martin Luther King Jr. stated： "Those who love peace must learn to organize as effectively as those who love war." King also recognized that leadership is a key starting point in any critical change process， especially as he emphasized that a genuine leader is not a searcher for consensus but a molder of consensus.
In that vein， we need leadership that shapes new and innovative ideas， including how to ensure more women are in leadership positions to assist in building lasting peace.
近五十年前，马丁·路德·金说过：“那些热爱和平的人必须学会像热爱战争的人那样有效地规划。”他还认为领导力是任何重要改变过程的关键起点，还特别强调一个真正的领袖并不是共识的探索者，而是共识的塑造者。
通过这种方式，我们需要塑造新的富有新意的观念，包括如何确保让更多妇女处于领导地位以协助构建持久的和平。
My second point is the need for an inclusive process. As a socio-cultural anthropologist， I have studied for the last 25 years societies in transition， whether it is from war to peace， from communism to democracy， or from disaster to recovery. I have seen how transition impacts societal gender roles.
I lived in Central Asia while the Soviet Union collapsed. Societal transition deeply affects how society organizes gender roles， and in places like Central Asia， which had among the highest literacy rates for women in the Muslim world， I witnessed the day-to-day collapse of gender equality norms and beliefs.
我的第二个观点是和平文化需要一个包容的过程。作为一个社会文化方向的人类学家，我已经研究了25年处于转型中的社会，无论它是从战争走向和平，从共产主义过渡到民主，还是从灾难中复苏。我已经目睹了过渡过程对社会性别角色所带来的影响。
苏联解体的时候，我住在中亚地区。社会转型严重影响了社会组织性别角色的方式，在中亚这样的地方，妇女的文化程度在穆斯林世界处于较高水平，我目睹了性别平等的规范和信仰的日渐崩塌。
One of the issues among policy shapers and policy makers is that we use the term "gender" as another name for "women." However， men too are gendered beings， and they too must deal with magnified notions of hyper-masculinity that meld power and status in societies with violence.
When we are not gender-inclusive， this leaves us with half of a solution to many of the problems that plague women and girls in conflict and fragile settings. Therefore， a culture of peace must not create new silos or reinforce old silos. We must make sure that we engage men as partners for positive change. 政策塑造者和政策制定者所面临的问题之一就是我们使用“性别”这个词来指代“女性”。然而，男性也是有性别的群体，他们也必须处理被放大了的男性化概念，它将暴力与社会中的力量和地位相融合。
当我们不能做到性别包容，那么针对冲突中和脆弱环境中折磨妇女和女童的问题的解决方式只剩下一半。因此，和平文化必须创造新的“发射井”或加强旧的“发射井”。我们必须确保我们将男性作为合作伙伴以推动积极的改变。
Malala … and her father
马拉拉和她的父亲
In a two-year study that the Institute of Peace conducted on lessons learned on women's programming in Iraq and Afghanistan， one of the most consistent recommendations for ensuring sustainable programs for women is to consider men and the many roles they play in society as husbands， brothers， sons or fathers. Men need to be a part of the change and not kept apart.
Men often play a role as societal gatekeepers， and they [can offer opportunities] for the girls and women who are a part of their lives. We know that education for girls is strengthened when fathers advocate for their daughters. We know the remarkable courage of Malala Yousafzai. But we often do not tell the story of her father's persistence and courage to defy social norms in Pakistan.
美国和平研究所从事了一项为期两年的研究，学习伊拉克和阿富汗的妇女项目经验，其中对确保妇女项目可持续的最一致的建议就是考虑男性和其在社会中扮演的众多角色，如丈夫、兄弟、儿子和父亲。男性应该成为改变的一部分，不应被排除在外。
男性经常充当社会看门人的角色，而且他们能为他们生活中的女童和妇女提供机会。我们了解到，当父亲主张女儿接受教育时，女童所受的教育能够得到提高。我们都知道马拉拉·尤萨法扎伊超乎常人的勇气。但我们却不经常讲述他父亲的执着和蔑视巴基斯坦社会规范的勇气。
We have to solve the problems of inequality and [of the] lack of women and girls arm-in-arm with male champions on this urgent issue. I want to suggest that the next creative path begins with breaking down silos. To stop the cycle of violence， we recognize that boys and men who are victims of violence have a greater chance to end up being perpetrators of violence.
What we need is the creation of a culture of peace that is inclusive of women but allows the complexity of human relationships its full right， and engages men and the greater understanding of gender identity.
针对这样的紧急任务，我们必须与男性卫士联手解决不平等的问题及妇女和女童缺失的问题。我想建议下一条创新性道路应以打破“发射井”开始。为了阻止暴力的循环，我们应认识到男童和男性是暴力的受害者，同时有更大的机会成为使用暴力的嫌疑人。
我们需要的是创造一个包容女性的和平文化，但应完全容许人类关系的复杂性，并带动男性群体，使他们更好地理解性别身份。
A "Silicon Valley'"for non-violence
一个为了非暴力的“硅谷”
Finally， effectively organizing for peace requires resources. It requires commitment by the international community， governments and local civil society. Commitment and funding go hand-in-hand. [While] Dr. King said that we need to learn to organize as effectively as those who organize for war， we also need to invest and bring resources to bear upon the global problem of violence. 最后，有效地规划和平需要资源。它要求国际社会、政府和地方民间社会做出承诺。承诺和资金手手相传。尽管马丁·路德·金说过我们需要学会像规划战争的人那样有效地规划和平，我们也需要投资和资源来对全球的暴力问题施压。
We need to incentivize peacebuilding. We need to think about a culture of peace as a "start-up" operation. What we need is a Silicon Valley for non-violent approaches to global problem-solving. We need the same kind of creative force that lies behind the creative technologies and how these could be applied to the culture of peace. We need to organize so that our best minds， our most innovative ideas， are being applied to building peace.
There is no need to remind this audience that our world is a complex place with too much violence -- a world in which short-term thinking and violence seem to be the default setting toward solving problems. What we need is long-term thinking， where our default setting is non-violent problem solving， and applying innovative technology toward the culture of peace.
我们需要以物质鼓励和平建设。我们需要将和平文化想象成是“创业”操作。我们需要的是一个以非暴力途径解决全球问题的“硅谷”。我们需要与创新科技背后同样的创新力量和将此种力量应用为和平文化的方式。我们需要规划，以将我们最优秀的头脑，最创新的观念应用于和平建设。
我不需要提醒观众我们的世界是一个充满太多暴力的复杂地方——在这样的世界中，短期思考和暴力似乎成了解决问题的默认设置。我们需要的是长远的思考，非暴力应该成为解决问题的默认设置，并将创新科技应用于和平文化。
The panel discussion with Kuehnast was moderated by Ambassador Anwarul K. Chowdhury， a former UN under-secretary-general and longtime peace activist from Bangladesh whose initiative led to the 1999 resolution. When Bangladesh held the presidency of the UN Security Council in 2000， he also led the adoption of the landmark Resolution 1325， which called for greater protection and involvement of women in peace and security.
The following is Kuehnast's presentation， after introductory acknowledgements. Her statement reflects her own views， and not necessarily those of the U.S. Institute of Peace.
Kathleen Kuehnast是美国和平研究所性别和和平建设中心的主任，她出席了2014年9月9日召开的联合国和平文化高级别论坛，与其他四位专家一同参与了两个特别小组讨论中的一个。这一特别小组名为“妇女和青年在和平文化中所发挥的作用和所做的贡献”，参与其中的还有联合国妇女署助理秘书长拉克希米·普里和联合国秘书长青年特使艾哈迈德·欣达维。诺贝尔和平奖获得者、非洲古博韦和平基金创始人及主席莱伊曼·古博韦于同天早些时候发表主题演讲。她因在利比里亚内战期间开展帮助基督教和穆斯林妇女弥合差异的活动而荣获诺贝尔和平奖。
Kuehnast所参与的特别小组讨论由联合国前副秘书长安瓦鲁·K·乔德哈瑞大使主持，他来自孟加拉，一直以来都是和平活动家，其倡议最终形成了1999年的决议（《和平文化宣言和行动纲领》）。2000年，在孟加拉担任联合国安理会主席国期间，他也促成了里程碑式的的1325号决议的通过，呼吁妇女更多地参与和平和安全建设，并为她们提供更好的保护。
在介绍致谢之后，Kuehnast的演说如下。她的论述表达了她个人的观点，并非全都为美国和平研究所所持的观点。
The first American president， George Washington， stated that he did not want an Office of War without an Office of Peace. Two hundred years later in 1984， the U.S. Congress created the U.S. Institute of Peace with a mandate to prevent， mitigate and resolve violent conflicts around the world， and to focus on peacebuilding.
首位美国总统乔治·华盛顿说过，他不会在没有和平办公室的情况下成立战争办公室。200年后的1984年，美国国会成立了美国和平研究所，旨在防止、减少和解决全世界范围内的暴力冲突，专注于和平建设。
It took two centuries to enact Washington's desire for an "office" of peace， and perhaps there are lessons learned [that] we might reflect upon this afternoon as we discuss the culture of peace today. I would like to make three points related to gender and the culture of peace. First， a culture of peace needs dynamic and creative leadership to organize for peace. Second， a culture of peace must have an inclusive approach that does not "instrumentalize" women or children. Finally， a culture of peace requires a well-funded effort.
将华盛顿总统的愿望付诸实践，建设起一个和平“办公室”用了两个世纪，也许在我们今天下午讨论和平文化的时候会对此加以思考。关于性别与和平文化，我想谈三个观点。
首先，和平文化需要有活力和有创造性的领导力来规划和平。第二，和平文化必须是一条包容的道路，不应将妇女或儿童“工具化”。第三，和平文化需要良好的资金支持。
Leadership
领导力
Nearly five decades ago， Martin Luther King Jr. stated： "Those who love peace must learn to organize as effectively as those who love war." King also recognized that leadership is a key starting point in any critical change process， especially as he emphasized that a genuine leader is not a searcher for consensus but a molder of consensus.
In that vein， we need leadership that shapes new and innovative ideas， including how to ensure more women are in leadership positions to assist in building lasting peace.
近五十年前，马丁·路德·金说过：“那些热爱和平的人必须学会像热爱战争的人那样有效地规划。”他还认为领导力是任何重要改变过程的关键起点，还特别强调一个真正的领袖并不是共识的探索者，而是共识的塑造者。
通过这种方式，我们需要塑造新的富有新意的观念，包括如何确保让更多妇女处于领导地位以协助构建持久的和平。
My second point is the need for an inclusive process. As a socio-cultural anthropologist， I have studied for the last 25 years societies in transition， whether it is from war to peace， from communism to democracy， or from disaster to recovery. I have seen how transition impacts societal gender roles.
I lived in Central Asia while the Soviet Union collapsed. Societal transition deeply affects how society organizes gender roles， and in places like Central Asia， which had among the highest literacy rates for women in the Muslim world， I witnessed the day-to-day collapse of gender equality norms and beliefs.
我的第二个观点是和平文化需要一个包容的过程。作为一个社会文化方向的人类学家，我已经研究了25年处于转型中的社会，无论它是从战争走向和平，从共产主义过渡到民主，还是从灾难中复苏。我已经目睹了过渡过程对社会性别角色所带来的影响。
苏联解体的时候，我住在中亚地区。社会转型严重影响了社会组织性别角色的方式，在中亚这样的地方，妇女的文化程度在穆斯林世界处于较高水平，我目睹了性别平等的规范和信仰的日渐崩塌。
One of the issues among policy shapers and policy makers is that we use the term "gender" as another name for "women." However， men too are gendered beings， and they too must deal with magnified notions of hyper-masculinity that meld power and status in societies with violence.
When we are not gender-inclusive， this leaves us with half of a solution to many of the problems that plague women and girls in conflict and fragile settings. Therefore， a culture of peace must not create new silos or reinforce old silos. We must make sure that we engage men as partners for positive change. 政策塑造者和政策制定者所面临的问题之一就是我们使用“性别”这个词来指代“女性”。然而，男性也是有性别的群体，他们也必须处理被放大了的男性化概念，它将暴力与社会中的力量和地位相融合。
当我们不能做到性别包容，那么针对冲突中和脆弱环境中折磨妇女和女童的问题的解决方式只剩下一半。因此，和平文化必须创造新的“发射井”或加强旧的“发射井”。我们必须确保我们将男性作为合作伙伴以推动积极的改变。
Malala … and her father
马拉拉和她的父亲
In a two-year study that the Institute of Peace conducted on lessons learned on women's programming in Iraq and Afghanistan， one of the most consistent recommendations for ensuring sustainable programs for women is to consider men and the many roles they play in society as husbands， brothers， sons or fathers. Men need to be a part of the change and not kept apart.
Men often play a role as societal gatekeepers， and they [can offer opportunities] for the girls and women who are a part of their lives. We know that education for girls is strengthened when fathers advocate for their daughters. We know the remarkable courage of Malala Yousafzai. But we often do not tell the story of her father's persistence and courage to defy social norms in Pakistan.
美国和平研究所从事了一项为期两年的研究，学习伊拉克和阿富汗的妇女项目经验，其中对确保妇女项目可持续的最一致的建议就是考虑男性和其在社会中扮演的众多角色，如丈夫、兄弟、儿子和父亲。男性应该成为改变的一部分，不应被排除在外。
男性经常充当社会看门人的角色，而且他们能为他们生活中的女童和妇女提供机会。我们了解到，当父亲主张女儿接受教育时，女童所受的教育能够得到提高。我们都知道马拉拉·尤萨法扎伊超乎常人的勇气。但我们却不经常讲述他父亲的执着和蔑视巴基斯坦社会规范的勇气。
We have to solve the problems of inequality and [of the] lack of women and girls arm-in-arm with male champions on this urgent issue. I want to suggest that the next creative path begins with breaking down silos. To stop the cycle of violence， we recognize that boys and men who are victims of violence have a greater chance to end up being perpetrators of violence.
What we need is the creation of a culture of peace that is inclusive of women but allows the complexity of human relationships its full right， and engages men and the greater understanding of gender identity.
针对这样的紧急任务，我们必须与男性卫士联手解决不平等的问题及妇女和女童缺失的问题。我想建议下一条创新性道路应以打破“发射井”开始。为了阻止暴力的循环，我们应认识到男童和男性是暴力的受害者，同时有更大的机会成为使用暴力的嫌疑人。
我们需要的是创造一个包容女性的和平文化，但应完全容许人类关系的复杂性，并带动男性群体，使他们更好地理解性别身份。
A "Silicon Valley'"for non-violence
一个为了非暴力的“硅谷”
Finally， effectively organizing for peace requires resources. It requires commitment by the international community， governments and local civil society. Commitment and funding go hand-in-hand. [While] Dr. King said that we need to learn to organize as effectively as those who organize for war， we also need to invest and bring resources to bear upon the global problem of violence. 最后，有效地规划和平需要资源。它要求国际社会、政府和地方民间社会做出承诺。承诺和资金手手相传。尽管马丁·路德·金说过我们需要学会像规划战争的人那样有效地规划和平，我们也需要投资和资源来对全球的暴力问题施压。
We need to incentivize peacebuilding. We need to think about a culture of peace as a "start-up" operation. What we need is a Silicon Valley for non-violent approaches to global problem-solving. We need the same kind of creative force that lies behind the creative technologies and how these could be applied to the culture of peace. We need to organize so that our best minds， our most innovative ideas， are being applied to building peace.
There is no need to remind this audience that our world is a complex place with too much violence -- a world in which short-term thinking and violence seem to be the default setting toward solving problems. What we need is long-term thinking， where our default setting is non-violent problem solving， and applying innovative technology toward the culture of peace.
我们需要以物质鼓励和平建设。我们需要将和平文化想象成是“创业”操作。我们需要的是一个以非暴力途径解决全球问题的“硅谷”。我们需要与创新科技背后同样的创新力量和将此种力量应用为和平文化的方式。我们需要规划，以将我们最优秀的头脑，最创新的观念应用于和平建设。
我不需要提醒观众我们的世界是一个充满太多暴力的复杂地方——在这样的世界中，短期思考和暴力似乎成了解决问题的默认设置。我们需要的是长远的思考，非暴力应该成为解决问题的默认设置，并将创新科技应用于和平文化。