膀胱癌是一个重要的公共卫生问题,世界上每年诊断的膀胱癌超过200000例,在美国,膀胱癌位于最常见的恶性肿瘤中的第4位,女性膀胱癌的发病率约为男性的四分之一。尽管对于膀胱癌的研究已经取得了巨大进步,但是从其病因、病理发生过程到诊断和治疗等各个方面都仍然有无数个问题在 Bladder cancer is an important public health issue with over 200,000 bladder cancers diagnosed annually in the world. Bladder cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in the United States and the incidence of bladder cancer in women is about four times that of men one. Although great progress has been made in the study of bladder cancer, there are still numerous problems ranging from etiology, pathology to diagnosis and treatment