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犹太人是一个独特的民族。一方面，他们创造了对西方影响深远的文明，另一方面却经历了比任何一个民族都要多的劫难。在2000多年的岁月中，犹太人历经流离失所，屡遭摧残屠戮，饱受人间磨难，却依然屹立于世界民族之林。我们本期介绍的马塞达要塞，正是犹太民族宁死不屈的英雄气概的象征。
The flat-topped rock that is called Masada 1)soars 2)majestically above the 3)placid blue waters of the Dead Sea and the 4)desolation of the Judean Desert. It is difficult to imagine that such a peaceful place was once the site of fierce battles and a mass suicide by 960 Jews ?men, women and children ?unwilling to surrender to a hated enemy.
On the east side the rock falls in a 5)sheer drop of about 450 meters to the Dead Sea, and in the west side it stands about 100 meters above the surrounding 6)terrain. The natural 7)approaches to the cliff top are very difficult.
According to the ancient historian Flavius Josephus, Masada was first 8)fortified sometime during the 1st or 2nd century BC. Between 37 and 31 BC, Herod the Great注1 further strengthened Masada, building two 9)ornate palaces, a bathhouse, 10)aqueducts, and surrounding 11)siege walls.
In 66 AD, a band of Jewish 12)resistance fighters fled the war with the Romans in Jerusalem and took 13)refuge at the fortress on Masada. For six years they lived a relatively quiet life. But in 72 AD, two years after Jerusalem had fallen, and the Temple was destroyed, the Roman governor Flavius Silva marched against them with the Tenth 14)Legion. The Jewish camp was 15)pelted from below with 16)catapulted rocks. A 17)breach was made in the protecting wall; a huge 18)ramp of light-colored earth, still there to this day, was 19)erected on one side, but the Roman 20)attempt to 21)penetrate proved unsuccessful. Finally, after seven months of siege, the Romans set the wooden 22)barriers on fire, and the Jews were forced to make a fateful decision.
According to the legend, they drew lots to choose 10 men to 23)slay the others, and one of the ten to kill those remaining, and, finally, himself. The Romans had won, but it was an empty victory, for there were no men left to capture. The event became known through the historical writings of Flavius Josephus, who spoke to two Jewish women and five children who escaped death by hiding away.
The heroic story of Masada and its dramatic end attracted many explorers to the Judean Desert in attempts to find the remains of the fortress. The site was 24)identified in 1842, but 25)intensive excavations took place only in 1963-65, with the help of hundreds of volunteers from Israel and from many foreign countries.
A pair of 26)cable cars now carries visitors to the cliff top. The area has remained mostly untouched by humans or nature in the past two millennia, due to the location’s 27)remoteness and its 28)arid environment. The Roman ramp still stands on the western side and can be climbed on foot. Many of the ancient buildings were restored from the ruins, as were the wall-paintings of Herod’s two main palaces, and the Roman-style bathhouses that he built. The 29)synagogue, storehouses, and houses of the Jewish rebels were also found and restored.
Today, Masada is not only a tourist attraction, but a source of 30)inspiration and a symbol of courage to all Israelis.
一块平顶岩石从死海平静的碧蓝水域和荒凉的犹地亚沙漠中高高耸起，人们称之为“马塞达”。很难想象这一片如此宁静的地方昔日曾发生过鏖战，曾有960名犹太人因不愿向仇敌投降而在此地有过自杀壮举，其中有男有女，有老有少。
这块巨岩的东侧悬崖高约450米，从山顶直下死海之滨；西面高出周围地形约100米。通向悬崖的天然通道十分险峻。
根据古代历史学家弗拉维斯·约瑟夫的记载，马塞达于公元前1或2世纪的某个时期首次被加固为堡垒。公元前37至31年间，希律王对马塞达进行了进一步加固和扩建，修建了两座富丽堂皇的宫殿、一所澡堂、沟渠系统以及四周的围墙。
公元66年，一队犹太反抗者从罗马人在耶路撒冷的战争中逃出，来到马塞达要塞避难，过了六年相对平静的生活。然而在公元72年，即耶路撒冷沦陷、圣殿被毁的两年后，罗马总督弗拉维斯·西尔瓦率领第十军团向他们的据点进发。罗马人用石弩向位于高处的这群犹太人的营地投掷石头，在防护墙上打出了一道缺口；今天在墙的一面仍能看到罗马人当时筑起的一座巨大的浅色土坡。然而罗马人攻城的企图并未成功。最终，在经过长达七个月的围攻后，罗马人点燃了木制防卫栏。犹太人被迫作出命运的抉择。
据记载，他们抽签选出十个人，由他们杀死其他人，再由这十人中的一个杀死剩下的九人，最后留下的这个人自杀。罗马人赢了，但这是一场无功的胜利，因为他们抓不到一个俘虏。弗拉维斯·约瑟夫与躲藏起来得以逃生的两个犹太女人及五个小孩谈过话，这次事件也经由他的记录得以流传。
马塞达的壮烈故事及其戏剧性的结局吸引了众多探险者来到犹地亚沙漠，试图找到要塞的遗址。该遗址在1842年得到确认，但直到1963到1965年间，才在来自以色列及其它国家数以百计的志愿者的协助下进行集中发掘。
今天游客可以乘坐缆车到达悬崖顶部。在过去两千年里，由于地处偏僻，气候干旱，这个区域极少留下人类或自然的痕迹。罗马人留下的土坡仍然屹立在西面，可以徒步攀行。许多古建筑已从废墟上得到修复，如希律王两座主要宫殿里的壁画以及他建造的罗马风格的澡堂。犹太会堂、仓库和犹太反抗者的房屋也被找到并加以修复。
今天的马塞达不仅仅是一个旅游热点，对于全以色列人来说，它还是鼓舞他们的泉源和勇气的象征。
Rebellions by the Jews Against the Roman Empire
犹太人反抗罗马帝国的起义
In 63 BC, the Roman conquered[征服] Judea注2, and made it a Roman province. Many Jews stayed in Israel, but others moved to Rome or other parts of the Roman Empire. Because they had a different religion and a different way of life, and because they refused to worship[崇拜] the Roman Emperor as a god, the Romans treated the Jews with suspicion[猜疑]. But the Romans did allow the Jews to keep on practicing[按教义行事] their religion.
The Roman Emperor Caligula adopted an anti-Jewish policy, and in 40 AD tried to put his own statue in the Great Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. However, this caused rioting[骚动] among the Jews in Alexandria, in Egypt. Caligula’s successor[继承者] Claudius allowed the Jews to practice their religion.
By 66 AD, however, in the reign[统治] of the Roman Emperor Nero, the Jews decided to revolt against Rome and get back their independence. Nero sent one of his minor[较次要的] generals, the future emperor Vespasian, to put down the revolt. When Vespasian became emperor in 69 AD, he left his son Titus to finish off the Jewish revolt.
Titus fought the Jews until he won. One of the last holdouts was the fortress of Masada. When Titus returned to Rome, a big stone triumphal arch[凯旋门] was built in his honor, and inside it there are carvings showing Titus carrying away the sacred[神圣的] artifacts[人工制品] of the Jewish faith. Titus also ordered the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. The Western Wall, also called the Wailing Wall, is all that remains of the ancient temple.
The Jews revolted again in 132 AD, but the Romans crushed[粉碎] this final rebellion three years later.
公元前63年，罗马人征服了犹地亚，使之成为罗马的一个行省。许多犹太人留在以色列，其他人则移居到罗马或罗马帝国的其它地方。由于犹太人与罗马人有不同的信仰与生活方式，也由于他们拒绝拜罗马皇帝为神，罗马人对犹太人心存怀疑，但仍允许犹太人按自己的教义行事。
罗马皇帝卡利古拉实行反犹政策。公元40年，他试图把自己的雕像安置在耶路撒冷的犹太圣殿里，这引发了埃及亚历山大城的犹太人骚乱。卡利古拉的继承者克劳狄乌斯允许犹太人按自己的教义行事。
然而，到了公元66年，在罗马皇帝尼禄的统治下，犹太人决定反抗罗马，重新独立。尼禄派遣他的一名副将，即后来继位的韦斯巴芗去镇压叛乱。韦斯巴芗在公元69年称帝，并让其子提图斯完成对犹太人的镇压。 提图斯与犹太人展开战斗，直到赢得最终胜利。其最后攻克的难关之一就是马塞达要塞。当提图斯回到罗马时，为纪念他而建造的一座巨大的凯旋石门落成，门内展现有提图斯掠夺犹太教圣物的雕刻。提图斯还下令摧毁耶路撒冷的犹太第二圣殿。今天耶路撒冷的西墙，也称“哭墙”，就是那座古殿残留的唯一痕迹。
犹太人于公元132年再次起义，但罗马人于三年后平息了这场最后的叛乱。
Temple of Jerusalem
耶路撒冷圣殿
While the term “The Temple of Jerusalem?is in singular, there have been two temples in Jerusalem.
The First Temple, constructed under David’s son Solomon, was completed in 957 BC. It contained three rooms: a vestibule[前厅], the main room for religious services, and the Holy of Holies注3. From the time of Josiah注4, it was the only place for sacrifice in Judea. It was destroyed during the Babylonian conquest in 586 BC. When the Jews returned from exile[流放] in 538 BC, they built the Second Temple (finished 515 BC). Its desecration[亵渎神圣] by Antiochus IV注5 in 167 BC set off the Maccabees?注6 revolt, after which it was cleansed. In 54 BC Marcus Licinius Crassus注7 plundered[抢劫] the Temple. It was rebuilt and enlarged by Herod the Great; construction lasted 46 years. The Jewish rebellion in 66 AD led to its destruction by Roman legions in 70 AD. All that remains now is part of the Western Wall.
虽然“耶路撒冷圣殿”的名称以单数形式出现，但事实上耶路撒冷曾经有两座圣殿。
“第一圣殿”于公元前957年在大卫王之子所罗门王统治期间修建完成。它有三个部分：一个前厅，一个供宗教活动之用的房间，以及至圣所。从约西亚时代起，这里就成为在犹地亚进行祭祀的唯一场所。公元前586年巴比伦人攻陷耶路撒冷，圣殿被毁。公元前538年，犹太人结束流亡重返此地，修造了第二圣殿（于公元前515年完工）。公元前167年，安条克四世对圣殿的亵渎引发了玛喀比起义，随后圣殿得到洁净。公元前54年，马库斯·李锡尼·克拉苏劫掠了圣殿。后来希律王对圣殿进行重修和扩建，历时46年。公元66年的犹太起义使圣殿在公元70年再次受到罗马军团的破坏，遗留下来的只有西墙的一部分。
注2：犹地亚，古代巴勒斯坦南部地区，包括今以色列南部及约旦西南部。
注3：至圣所，犹太教会堂的内殿。里面摆放着约柜（古以色列人保存刻有十诫的两块石板的木柜），被认为是圣殿中最神圣的地方。
注4：约西亚（公元前640-609年），犹大国王，曾试图摧毁一切形式上的偶像崇拜。
注5：安条克四世（公元前215-164年），叙利亚塞琉古王朝国王。
注6：玛喀比家族，公元前一世纪统治巴勒斯坦的犹太祭司家族。
注7：马库斯·李锡尼·克拉苏（公元前115-53年），罗马政治家和将军。
The flat-topped rock that is called Masada 1)soars 2)majestically above the 3)placid blue waters of the Dead Sea and the 4)desolation of the Judean Desert. It is difficult to imagine that such a peaceful place was once the site of fierce battles and a mass suicide by 960 Jews ?men, women and children ?unwilling to surrender to a hated enemy.
On the east side the rock falls in a 5)sheer drop of about 450 meters to the Dead Sea, and in the west side it stands about 100 meters above the surrounding 6)terrain. The natural 7)approaches to the cliff top are very difficult.
According to the ancient historian Flavius Josephus, Masada was first 8)fortified sometime during the 1st or 2nd century BC. Between 37 and 31 BC, Herod the Great注1 further strengthened Masada, building two 9)ornate palaces, a bathhouse, 10)aqueducts, and surrounding 11)siege walls.
In 66 AD, a band of Jewish 12)resistance fighters fled the war with the Romans in Jerusalem and took 13)refuge at the fortress on Masada. For six years they lived a relatively quiet life. But in 72 AD, two years after Jerusalem had fallen, and the Temple was destroyed, the Roman governor Flavius Silva marched against them with the Tenth 14)Legion. The Jewish camp was 15)pelted from below with 16)catapulted rocks. A 17)breach was made in the protecting wall; a huge 18)ramp of light-colored earth, still there to this day, was 19)erected on one side, but the Roman 20)attempt to 21)penetrate proved unsuccessful. Finally, after seven months of siege, the Romans set the wooden 22)barriers on fire, and the Jews were forced to make a fateful decision.
According to the legend, they drew lots to choose 10 men to 23)slay the others, and one of the ten to kill those remaining, and, finally, himself. The Romans had won, but it was an empty victory, for there were no men left to capture. The event became known through the historical writings of Flavius Josephus, who spoke to two Jewish women and five children who escaped death by hiding away.
The heroic story of Masada and its dramatic end attracted many explorers to the Judean Desert in attempts to find the remains of the fortress. The site was 24)identified in 1842, but 25)intensive excavations took place only in 1963-65, with the help of hundreds of volunteers from Israel and from many foreign countries.
A pair of 26)cable cars now carries visitors to the cliff top. The area has remained mostly untouched by humans or nature in the past two millennia, due to the location’s 27)remoteness and its 28)arid environment. The Roman ramp still stands on the western side and can be climbed on foot. Many of the ancient buildings were restored from the ruins, as were the wall-paintings of Herod’s two main palaces, and the Roman-style bathhouses that he built. The 29)synagogue, storehouses, and houses of the Jewish rebels were also found and restored.
Today, Masada is not only a tourist attraction, but a source of 30)inspiration and a symbol of courage to all Israelis.
一块平顶岩石从死海平静的碧蓝水域和荒凉的犹地亚沙漠中高高耸起，人们称之为“马塞达”。很难想象这一片如此宁静的地方昔日曾发生过鏖战，曾有960名犹太人因不愿向仇敌投降而在此地有过自杀壮举，其中有男有女，有老有少。
这块巨岩的东侧悬崖高约450米，从山顶直下死海之滨；西面高出周围地形约100米。通向悬崖的天然通道十分险峻。
根据古代历史学家弗拉维斯·约瑟夫的记载，马塞达于公元前1或2世纪的某个时期首次被加固为堡垒。公元前37至31年间，希律王对马塞达进行了进一步加固和扩建，修建了两座富丽堂皇的宫殿、一所澡堂、沟渠系统以及四周的围墙。
公元66年，一队犹太反抗者从罗马人在耶路撒冷的战争中逃出，来到马塞达要塞避难，过了六年相对平静的生活。然而在公元72年，即耶路撒冷沦陷、圣殿被毁的两年后，罗马总督弗拉维斯·西尔瓦率领第十军团向他们的据点进发。罗马人用石弩向位于高处的这群犹太人的营地投掷石头，在防护墙上打出了一道缺口；今天在墙的一面仍能看到罗马人当时筑起的一座巨大的浅色土坡。然而罗马人攻城的企图并未成功。最终，在经过长达七个月的围攻后，罗马人点燃了木制防卫栏。犹太人被迫作出命运的抉择。
据记载，他们抽签选出十个人，由他们杀死其他人，再由这十人中的一个杀死剩下的九人，最后留下的这个人自杀。罗马人赢了，但这是一场无功的胜利，因为他们抓不到一个俘虏。弗拉维斯·约瑟夫与躲藏起来得以逃生的两个犹太女人及五个小孩谈过话，这次事件也经由他的记录得以流传。
马塞达的壮烈故事及其戏剧性的结局吸引了众多探险者来到犹地亚沙漠，试图找到要塞的遗址。该遗址在1842年得到确认，但直到1963到1965年间，才在来自以色列及其它国家数以百计的志愿者的协助下进行集中发掘。
今天游客可以乘坐缆车到达悬崖顶部。在过去两千年里，由于地处偏僻，气候干旱，这个区域极少留下人类或自然的痕迹。罗马人留下的土坡仍然屹立在西面，可以徒步攀行。许多古建筑已从废墟上得到修复，如希律王两座主要宫殿里的壁画以及他建造的罗马风格的澡堂。犹太会堂、仓库和犹太反抗者的房屋也被找到并加以修复。
今天的马塞达不仅仅是一个旅游热点，对于全以色列人来说，它还是鼓舞他们的泉源和勇气的象征。
Rebellions by the Jews Against the Roman Empire
犹太人反抗罗马帝国的起义
In 63 BC, the Roman conquered[征服] Judea注2, and made it a Roman province. Many Jews stayed in Israel, but others moved to Rome or other parts of the Roman Empire. Because they had a different religion and a different way of life, and because they refused to worship[崇拜] the Roman Emperor as a god, the Romans treated the Jews with suspicion[猜疑]. But the Romans did allow the Jews to keep on practicing[按教义行事] their religion.
The Roman Emperor Caligula adopted an anti-Jewish policy, and in 40 AD tried to put his own statue in the Great Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. However, this caused rioting[骚动] among the Jews in Alexandria, in Egypt. Caligula’s successor[继承者] Claudius allowed the Jews to practice their religion.
By 66 AD, however, in the reign[统治] of the Roman Emperor Nero, the Jews decided to revolt against Rome and get back their independence. Nero sent one of his minor[较次要的] generals, the future emperor Vespasian, to put down the revolt. When Vespasian became emperor in 69 AD, he left his son Titus to finish off the Jewish revolt.
Titus fought the Jews until he won. One of the last holdouts was the fortress of Masada. When Titus returned to Rome, a big stone triumphal arch[凯旋门] was built in his honor, and inside it there are carvings showing Titus carrying away the sacred[神圣的] artifacts[人工制品] of the Jewish faith. Titus also ordered the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. The Western Wall, also called the Wailing Wall, is all that remains of the ancient temple.
The Jews revolted again in 132 AD, but the Romans crushed[粉碎] this final rebellion three years later.
公元前63年，罗马人征服了犹地亚，使之成为罗马的一个行省。许多犹太人留在以色列，其他人则移居到罗马或罗马帝国的其它地方。由于犹太人与罗马人有不同的信仰与生活方式，也由于他们拒绝拜罗马皇帝为神，罗马人对犹太人心存怀疑，但仍允许犹太人按自己的教义行事。
罗马皇帝卡利古拉实行反犹政策。公元40年，他试图把自己的雕像安置在耶路撒冷的犹太圣殿里，这引发了埃及亚历山大城的犹太人骚乱。卡利古拉的继承者克劳狄乌斯允许犹太人按自己的教义行事。
然而，到了公元66年，在罗马皇帝尼禄的统治下，犹太人决定反抗罗马，重新独立。尼禄派遣他的一名副将，即后来继位的韦斯巴芗去镇压叛乱。韦斯巴芗在公元69年称帝，并让其子提图斯完成对犹太人的镇压。 提图斯与犹太人展开战斗，直到赢得最终胜利。其最后攻克的难关之一就是马塞达要塞。当提图斯回到罗马时，为纪念他而建造的一座巨大的凯旋石门落成，门内展现有提图斯掠夺犹太教圣物的雕刻。提图斯还下令摧毁耶路撒冷的犹太第二圣殿。今天耶路撒冷的西墙，也称“哭墙”，就是那座古殿残留的唯一痕迹。
犹太人于公元132年再次起义，但罗马人于三年后平息了这场最后的叛乱。
Temple of Jerusalem
耶路撒冷圣殿
While the term “The Temple of Jerusalem?is in singular, there have been two temples in Jerusalem.
The First Temple, constructed under David’s son Solomon, was completed in 957 BC. It contained three rooms: a vestibule[前厅], the main room for religious services, and the Holy of Holies注3. From the time of Josiah注4, it was the only place for sacrifice in Judea. It was destroyed during the Babylonian conquest in 586 BC. When the Jews returned from exile[流放] in 538 BC, they built the Second Temple (finished 515 BC). Its desecration[亵渎神圣] by Antiochus IV注5 in 167 BC set off the Maccabees?注6 revolt, after which it was cleansed. In 54 BC Marcus Licinius Crassus注7 plundered[抢劫] the Temple. It was rebuilt and enlarged by Herod the Great; construction lasted 46 years. The Jewish rebellion in 66 AD led to its destruction by Roman legions in 70 AD. All that remains now is part of the Western Wall.
虽然“耶路撒冷圣殿”的名称以单数形式出现，但事实上耶路撒冷曾经有两座圣殿。
“第一圣殿”于公元前957年在大卫王之子所罗门王统治期间修建完成。它有三个部分：一个前厅，一个供宗教活动之用的房间，以及至圣所。从约西亚时代起，这里就成为在犹地亚进行祭祀的唯一场所。公元前586年巴比伦人攻陷耶路撒冷，圣殿被毁。公元前538年，犹太人结束流亡重返此地，修造了第二圣殿（于公元前515年完工）。公元前167年，安条克四世对圣殿的亵渎引发了玛喀比起义，随后圣殿得到洁净。公元前54年，马库斯·李锡尼·克拉苏劫掠了圣殿。后来希律王对圣殿进行重修和扩建，历时46年。公元66年的犹太起义使圣殿在公元70年再次受到罗马军团的破坏，遗留下来的只有西墙的一部分。
注2：犹地亚，古代巴勒斯坦南部地区，包括今以色列南部及约旦西南部。
注3：至圣所，犹太教会堂的内殿。里面摆放着约柜（古以色列人保存刻有十诫的两块石板的木柜），被认为是圣殿中最神圣的地方。
注4：约西亚（公元前640-609年），犹大国王，曾试图摧毁一切形式上的偶像崇拜。
注5：安条克四世（公元前215-164年），叙利亚塞琉古王朝国王。
注6：玛喀比家族，公元前一世纪统治巴勒斯坦的犹太祭司家族。
注7：马库斯·李锡尼·克拉苏（公元前115-53年），罗马政治家和将军。