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动词ing分为动名词与现在分词。动名词主要在句中作主语、宾语或表语。而现在分词主要在句中作定语、表语或状语。
一、现在分词
现在分词的时态与语态：
1．现在分词的主动式。当句子的主语是分词动作的执行者，若与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生，则用现在分词一般式的主动式；如果分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，则用现在分词的完成式。
_______that she didn’t do a good job, I don’t think I am abler than her. (07’陕西卷)
A. To have saidB. Having said. C. To say D. SayingKey: [B]
2．现在分词的被动式。如果句子的主语是分词动作的承受者，所表示的动作正在进行，或者与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，则用现在分词的被动形式；如果分词的动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作，则用分词完成式的被动形式。
(a)_______ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.（05’湖北卷）
A. Being separated
B. Having separated
C. Having been separated
D. To be separated Key: [C]
(I) 现在分词作定语
【热身训练】单项填空
Bluetooth is an internationally standardized technology ______ short distance wireless communication.
A. supporting B. supported
C. to support D. supports
【答案解析】technology与support之间构成主谓关系，所以用现在分词作定语。故答案选[A] 。
【归纳与辨析】现在分词作定语时，与逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作：(1) 正在进行的动作 (2) 习惯性动作或现在（或当时）的状态 (3) 即将发生的动作
1．现在分词用法
(1) 现在分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前。
(a) Peter received a letter just now________ his grandma would come to see him soon. (07’四川卷)
A. saidB. says
C. sayingD. to say
Key:[C]
(b) Many frightened people rushed out of the burning building.
(2) 现在分词作定语主要表示动作和用途。
(a) 表示动作（主动的、正在进行的动作）
The girl standing there is my sister.
(b) 表示用途
the waiting room = the room for waiting
(II) 现在分词作表语
【热身训练】单项填空
This news of the successful launch of Chang’e One around the Moon sounds ________.
A. encouragingB. encouraged
C. encourageD. to encourage
【答案解析】表示主语（事、物）所具有的特征或属性，表示“令人感到……的”，常用现在分词作表语。故答案选[A]。
【归纳与辨析】现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性，主语通常是事物。
The situation is encouraging.
(III) 现在分词作状语
【热身训练】单项填空
1． One Sunday several former classmates gathered at Tom’s for dinner, _________their high school reunion the day before.
A. to talk about B. talked about
C. talking about D. having talked about
2． _________nice, the food was all eaten up soon.
A. TastingB. Taste
C. Tasted D. To taste
【答案解析】1．C 。several former classmates与talk about之间构成主谓关系，所以用现在分词作状语，表示伴随的动作。2．A。taste是系动词，表示伴随的动作，只能用现在分词。
【归纳与辨析】(1) 现在分词或现在分词短语作状语时，可表原因、时间、行为方式，伴随状况等。
Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always _____the same thing.(06’江苏卷)__________________ A. sayingB. said
C. to say D. having said Key: [A]
(2) “with (without)+名词（或代词宾格）+分词”的结构，表示伴随状况，原因，条件等。
—Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
—Sorry. With so much work______my mind, I almost break down.(07’福建卷)
A. filledB. filling
C. to fillD. being filled Key: [B]
(3) 当现在分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，分词通常有自己的主语；如果表示的动作先于主句谓语动词发生，就应用现在分词的完成式。这种结构就是主格独立结构。
The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecrafts, the most recent______ at the end of last March.(07’山东卷)
A. has been launched
B. having been launched
C. being launched
D. to be launchedKey:[B]
(VI) 现在分词作补足语
When I came in, I saw Dr. Harry _________a patient.
A. examineB. examining
C. to examine D. examined
【答案解析】Dr. Harry与examine之间构成主谓关系，又表示在过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，所以用现在分词作宾语补足语。故答案选[B]。
【归纳与辨析】在感官动词：hear, see,look at, notice, observe, feel, find, catch以及使役动词：have, let, make, leave, keep, get等后既可以用不定式也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。感官动词之后作其宾语补足语的不定式表示动作全过程或动作已完成，现在分词强调动作正在进行或当时的情景。
(1) After a knock at the door, the child heard his mother’s voice _______ him. (07’上海卷)
A. calling B. called
C. being calledD. to call Key: [A]
二、动名词
(I) 动名词作主语
【热身训练】单项填空
______as the most excellent student in her university, as most classmates had expect-ed, made her parents very happy.
A. Mary was chosen
B. Mary’ s chosen
C. Mary’s being chosen
D. Mary being chosen
【答案解析】动词choose与Mary之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系，但却是被动关系，所以用动名词复合结构的被动式作主语，即“one’s being done”。故答案选[C]。
【归纳与辨析】动名词具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用。当动名词带逻辑主语时（1）如果其逻辑主语是表示人的名词大多用名词所有格，但如果不在句首也可用普通格；（2）如果其主语是代词，则用形容词性的物主代词，但如果不在句首也有人用人称代词的宾格；（3）如果其逻辑主语是表示无生活的事物则只能用名词普通格。例如：
At the beginning of class, the noise of desks being opened and closed could be heard outside the classroom.
(1)______ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. (03’上海春)
A. The president will attend
B. The president to attend
C. The president attended
D. The president’s attendingKey: [D]
(2) _______ to the sunlight for too long a time will do harm to one’s skin. (02’上海卷)
A. Being exposed
B. Having been exposed
C. Having exposed
D. Exposed
Key: [A]
动名词作主语常用于下列句型：
(a) It is +名词/形容词+ 动名词
It is + no use/ no good / useless / a waste of time doing sth.
(1) It’s no use crying over the spilt milk.
(2) It’s a waste of time waiting here.
(b)“There is no +动名词 ”结构相当于“It is impossible to do sth”。
There is no saying whether the singing contest will be put off or not.
【注意】
(1) 动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的习惯性的动作，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。
Playing with fire is dangerous.（泛指这一动作）
To play with fire will be dangerous.（指一具体动作）
(2) 动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。
Forgetting the past means betrayal.
(II) 动名词作宾语
【热身训练】单项填空
1． In the traffic accident, his father came close to _______.
A. be killed B. being killed C. kill D. killing
【答案解析】题中close to意为“接近、靠近”，其中to是介词，故后接动名词作宾语，所以答案选[B] 。
【归纳与辨析】动名词具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作宾语。
All the staff in our company are con-sidering ____ to the city centre for the fashion show. (07’卷上海春)
A. to go B. going
C. to have gone D. having gone
Key: [B]
【注意】作宾语时，有些动词后要跟动名词，有些则应用不定式，还有的两者均可，但意义有所不同：
(1)只跟动名词的有：appreciate; advise; admit; avoid; can’t help; delay; enjoy; escape; excuse； finish; forgive; mind; practise;pardon; miss; suggest; consider; risk; imagine; stand; be worth; be busy; object to; listen to; pay attention to; look forward to; stick to; devote to; prefer doing sth to doing sth; set about; give up; spend… (in) doing sth ; waste… (in) doing sth; have difficult / trouble (in) doing sth ; prevent / keep … from doing sth 等 。
It is difficult to imagine his ________the decision without any consideration. (06’陕西卷)
A. accept B. accepting
C. to accept D. acceptedKey:[B]
(2) 动名词与不定式都可作宾语，且意义相同的有：like, love, hate, begin, start, continue, prefer 。
She loves playing tennis (to play tennis).
(3) 动名词与不定式作宾语意义不同，不定式指要做而还没有做的事，而动名词则表示已经做过的事。这些词有：forget , go on , mean , regret , remember , stop , try等。
— Robert is indeed a wise man.
— Oh, yes. How often I have regretted _______ his advice!(07’安徽卷)
A. to takeB. taking
C. not to takeD. not takingKey:[D]
She regretted to tell him that he had failed.
(4) 作介词宾语
What difficulty do you have (in) learning mathematics?
(5) need , want , require , deserve等动词, 当主语是动作的承受者时，后面的宾语有两种形式，即：need / want / require + doing / to be done.
The bike needs repairing / to be repaired.
【考点拓展】动名词复合结构作宾语时，其逻辑主语既可用所有格，也可用普通格。
What worried the child most was ______ to visit his mother in the hospital.(98’上海卷)
A. his not allowed
B. his not being allowed
C. his being not allowed
D. having not been allowed Key: [B]
(III) 动名词作表语
【热身训练】单项填空
1．What worried me most was________ to go abroad alone.
A. my not allowing
B. having not allowed
C. my not been allowed
D. my being not allowed
【答案解析】根据句意，应用动名词复合结构的否定式的被动形式，即“one’s not being done”，作主语要用名词所有格，故答案选[C]。
【归纳与辨析】动名词具有形容词和名词的性质，在句中可作表语。
动名词作表语时，说明主语的内容，就此提问，用what；而形容语或分词当表语则是说明主语的性质、特征等，因此针对表语提问要用how。
(1) Her job is sweeping the floor →What is her job?
(2) It is instructive to read one such story. → How is it to read one such story?
巩固性练习：从下列选项中选择最佳答案。
1． —What made his father angry?
______— ________.
A. Because he had failed in the exam
B. Because of his having failed in the exam
C. As he had failed in the exam
D. Failing in the exam
2． What worried the boy most was______ to visit his father in the hospital.
A. his not being allowed
B. his not allowing
C. his not been allowed
D. his being not allowed
3． They suggested ________ the sports meet till next Tuesday.
A. us to put off B. our putting off C. us of putting off D. our put off
4． As the stone was too heavy to move, I left it ________ on the ground.
A. laying B. lay C. lyingD. lain
5． This small seaside village is a perfect place for holidays so that visitors never leave it ________.
A. felt disappointing
B. feeling disappointed
C. feeling disappointing
D. felt disappointed
6． Many early Europeans, ________ the earth to be flat, feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
A. believing B. having believed
C. believed D. to believe
7． Attempting to get home before dark, _________ .
A. Tom’s bike broke down on the way B. it happened that Tom’s bike hit a car
C. a car knocked Tom off his bikeD. Tom knocked into a tree
8． In my opinion, more attention should be paid_______ the students’ abilities.
A. to develop B. to developing C. developing D. in developing
9． Research_______ at Peking Univer-sity supports this idea and suggests that if we don’t use the sense of direction, we’ll lose it.
A. to carry out B. carrying out
C. having carried outD. being carried out
10． When I caught him________me ,I stopp-ed________things there and started dealing with another shop.
A. cheating; buying B. to cheat; buying
C. cheating; to buy D. to cheat; to buy
Keys for reference：
1——5 DABCB6——10 BDBDA
一、现在分词
现在分词的时态与语态：
1．现在分词的主动式。当句子的主语是分词动作的执行者，若与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生，则用现在分词一般式的主动式；如果分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，则用现在分词的完成式。
_______that she didn’t do a good job, I don’t think I am abler than her. (07’陕西卷)
A. To have saidB. Having said. C. To say D. SayingKey: [B]
2．现在分词的被动式。如果句子的主语是分词动作的承受者，所表示的动作正在进行，或者与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，则用现在分词的被动形式；如果分词的动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作，则用分词完成式的被动形式。
(a)_______ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.（05’湖北卷）
A. Being separated
B. Having separated
C. Having been separated
D. To be separated Key: [C]
(I) 现在分词作定语
【热身训练】单项填空
Bluetooth is an internationally standardized technology ______ short distance wireless communication.
A. supporting B. supported
C. to support D. supports
【答案解析】technology与support之间构成主谓关系，所以用现在分词作定语。故答案选[A] 。
【归纳与辨析】现在分词作定语时，与逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作：(1) 正在进行的动作 (2) 习惯性动作或现在（或当时）的状态 (3) 即将发生的动作
1．现在分词用法
(1) 现在分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前。
(a) Peter received a letter just now________ his grandma would come to see him soon. (07’四川卷)
A. saidB. says
C. sayingD. to say
Key:[C]
(b) Many frightened people rushed out of the burning building.
(2) 现在分词作定语主要表示动作和用途。
(a) 表示动作（主动的、正在进行的动作）
The girl standing there is my sister.
(b) 表示用途
the waiting room = the room for waiting
(II) 现在分词作表语
【热身训练】单项填空
This news of the successful launch of Chang’e One around the Moon sounds ________.
A. encouragingB. encouraged
C. encourageD. to encourage
【答案解析】表示主语（事、物）所具有的特征或属性，表示“令人感到……的”，常用现在分词作表语。故答案选[A]。
【归纳与辨析】现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性，主语通常是事物。
The situation is encouraging.
(III) 现在分词作状语
【热身训练】单项填空
1． One Sunday several former classmates gathered at Tom’s for dinner, _________their high school reunion the day before.
A. to talk about B. talked about
C. talking about D. having talked about
2． _________nice, the food was all eaten up soon.
A. TastingB. Taste
C. Tasted D. To taste
【答案解析】1．C 。several former classmates与talk about之间构成主谓关系，所以用现在分词作状语，表示伴随的动作。2．A。taste是系动词，表示伴随的动作，只能用现在分词。
【归纳与辨析】(1) 现在分词或现在分词短语作状语时，可表原因、时间、行为方式，伴随状况等。
Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always _____the same thing.(06’江苏卷)__________________ A. sayingB. said
C. to say D. having said Key: [A]
(2) “with (without)+名词（或代词宾格）+分词”的结构，表示伴随状况，原因，条件等。
—Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
—Sorry. With so much work______my mind, I almost break down.(07’福建卷)
A. filledB. filling
C. to fillD. being filled Key: [B]
(3) 当现在分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，分词通常有自己的主语；如果表示的动作先于主句谓语动词发生，就应用现在分词的完成式。这种结构就是主格独立结构。
The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecrafts, the most recent______ at the end of last March.(07’山东卷)
A. has been launched
B. having been launched
C. being launched
D. to be launchedKey:[B]
(VI) 现在分词作补足语
When I came in, I saw Dr. Harry _________a patient.
A. examineB. examining
C. to examine D. examined
【答案解析】Dr. Harry与examine之间构成主谓关系，又表示在过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，所以用现在分词作宾语补足语。故答案选[B]。
【归纳与辨析】在感官动词：hear, see,look at, notice, observe, feel, find, catch以及使役动词：have, let, make, leave, keep, get等后既可以用不定式也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。感官动词之后作其宾语补足语的不定式表示动作全过程或动作已完成，现在分词强调动作正在进行或当时的情景。
(1) After a knock at the door, the child heard his mother’s voice _______ him. (07’上海卷)
A. calling B. called
C. being calledD. to call Key: [A]
二、动名词
(I) 动名词作主语
【热身训练】单项填空
______as the most excellent student in her university, as most classmates had expect-ed, made her parents very happy.
A. Mary was chosen
B. Mary’ s chosen
C. Mary’s being chosen
D. Mary being chosen
【答案解析】动词choose与Mary之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系，但却是被动关系，所以用动名词复合结构的被动式作主语，即“one’s being done”。故答案选[C]。
【归纳与辨析】动名词具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用。当动名词带逻辑主语时（1）如果其逻辑主语是表示人的名词大多用名词所有格，但如果不在句首也可用普通格；（2）如果其主语是代词，则用形容词性的物主代词，但如果不在句首也有人用人称代词的宾格；（3）如果其逻辑主语是表示无生活的事物则只能用名词普通格。例如：
At the beginning of class, the noise of desks being opened and closed could be heard outside the classroom.
(1)______ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. (03’上海春)
A. The president will attend
B. The president to attend
C. The president attended
D. The president’s attendingKey: [D]
(2) _______ to the sunlight for too long a time will do harm to one’s skin. (02’上海卷)
A. Being exposed
B. Having been exposed
C. Having exposed
D. Exposed
Key: [A]
动名词作主语常用于下列句型：
(a) It is +名词/形容词+ 动名词
It is + no use/ no good / useless / a waste of time doing sth.
(1) It’s no use crying over the spilt milk.
(2) It’s a waste of time waiting here.
(b)“There is no +动名词 ”结构相当于“It is impossible to do sth”。
There is no saying whether the singing contest will be put off or not.
【注意】
(1) 动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的习惯性的动作，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。
Playing with fire is dangerous.（泛指这一动作）
To play with fire will be dangerous.（指一具体动作）
(2) 动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。
Forgetting the past means betrayal.
(II) 动名词作宾语
【热身训练】单项填空
1． In the traffic accident, his father came close to _______.
A. be killed B. being killed C. kill D. killing
【答案解析】题中close to意为“接近、靠近”，其中to是介词，故后接动名词作宾语，所以答案选[B] 。
【归纳与辨析】动名词具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作宾语。
All the staff in our company are con-sidering ____ to the city centre for the fashion show. (07’卷上海春)
A. to go B. going
C. to have gone D. having gone
Key: [B]
【注意】作宾语时，有些动词后要跟动名词，有些则应用不定式，还有的两者均可，但意义有所不同：
(1)只跟动名词的有：appreciate; advise; admit; avoid; can’t help; delay; enjoy; escape; excuse； finish; forgive; mind; practise;pardon; miss; suggest; consider; risk; imagine; stand; be worth; be busy; object to; listen to; pay attention to; look forward to; stick to; devote to; prefer doing sth to doing sth; set about; give up; spend… (in) doing sth ; waste… (in) doing sth; have difficult / trouble (in) doing sth ; prevent / keep … from doing sth 等 。
It is difficult to imagine his ________the decision without any consideration. (06’陕西卷)
A. accept B. accepting
C. to accept D. acceptedKey:[B]
(2) 动名词与不定式都可作宾语，且意义相同的有：like, love, hate, begin, start, continue, prefer 。
She loves playing tennis (to play tennis).
(3) 动名词与不定式作宾语意义不同，不定式指要做而还没有做的事，而动名词则表示已经做过的事。这些词有：forget , go on , mean , regret , remember , stop , try等。
— Robert is indeed a wise man.
— Oh, yes. How often I have regretted _______ his advice!(07’安徽卷)
A. to takeB. taking
C. not to takeD. not takingKey:[D]
She regretted to tell him that he had failed.
(4) 作介词宾语
What difficulty do you have (in) learning mathematics?
(5) need , want , require , deserve等动词, 当主语是动作的承受者时，后面的宾语有两种形式，即：need / want / require + doing / to be done.
The bike needs repairing / to be repaired.
【考点拓展】动名词复合结构作宾语时，其逻辑主语既可用所有格，也可用普通格。
What worried the child most was ______ to visit his mother in the hospital.(98’上海卷)
A. his not allowed
B. his not being allowed
C. his being not allowed
D. having not been allowed Key: [B]
(III) 动名词作表语
【热身训练】单项填空
1．What worried me most was________ to go abroad alone.
A. my not allowing
B. having not allowed
C. my not been allowed
D. my being not allowed
【答案解析】根据句意，应用动名词复合结构的否定式的被动形式，即“one’s not being done”，作主语要用名词所有格，故答案选[C]。
【归纳与辨析】动名词具有形容词和名词的性质，在句中可作表语。
动名词作表语时，说明主语的内容，就此提问，用what；而形容语或分词当表语则是说明主语的性质、特征等，因此针对表语提问要用how。
(1) Her job is sweeping the floor →What is her job?
(2) It is instructive to read one such story. → How is it to read one such story?
巩固性练习：从下列选项中选择最佳答案。
1． —What made his father angry?
______— ________.
A. Because he had failed in the exam
B. Because of his having failed in the exam
C. As he had failed in the exam
D. Failing in the exam
2． What worried the boy most was______ to visit his father in the hospital.
A. his not being allowed
B. his not allowing
C. his not been allowed
D. his being not allowed
3． They suggested ________ the sports meet till next Tuesday.
A. us to put off B. our putting off C. us of putting off D. our put off
4． As the stone was too heavy to move, I left it ________ on the ground.
A. laying B. lay C. lyingD. lain
5． This small seaside village is a perfect place for holidays so that visitors never leave it ________.
A. felt disappointing
B. feeling disappointed
C. feeling disappointing
D. felt disappointed
6． Many early Europeans, ________ the earth to be flat, feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
A. believing B. having believed
C. believed D. to believe
7． Attempting to get home before dark, _________ .
A. Tom’s bike broke down on the way B. it happened that Tom’s bike hit a car
C. a car knocked Tom off his bikeD. Tom knocked into a tree
8． In my opinion, more attention should be paid_______ the students’ abilities.
A. to develop B. to developing C. developing D. in developing
9． Research_______ at Peking Univer-sity supports this idea and suggests that if we don’t use the sense of direction, we’ll lose it.
A. to carry out B. carrying out
C. having carried outD. being carried out
10． When I caught him________me ,I stopp-ed________things there and started dealing with another shop.
A. cheating; buying B. to cheat; buying
C. cheating; to buy D. to cheat; to buy
Keys for reference：
1——5 DABCB6——10 BDBDA