实证主义与非实证主义研究方法作为人文社会科学研究的两种重要研究范式,它们前后相继却相互矛盾。在本体论、认识论、方法论等方面都存在对立,从而造成社会科学研究范式的分野。但是,实证主义与非实证主义研究范式并不是完全没有关联,在时间承继、研究目的上,它们都存在必然的联系。本文主要叙述实证主义、非实证主义的哲学发展脉络及二者在民族学研究中的运用。 Positivism and non-positivist research methods, as two important research paradigms of humanities and social sciences, are contradictory in succession. In opposition to ontology, epistemology and methodology, the division of social science research paradigm is caused. However, positivism and non-positivist research paradigms are not completely unrelated, and they all have necessary connections with regard to time inheritance and research purpose. This paper mainly describes the philosophical development of positivism and non-positivism and their application in the study of ethnology.