Degenerative constrictions of the spinal canal with compression of neural elements arise as a result of bony, disk, capsular or ligament structures. The most frequent causes are disk hiations and spinal stenoses. The lumbar and cervical spine is the most prominent cause. After conservative treatments have been exhausted, surgical intervention may be necessary. Today, microsurgical or microscopically-assisted decompression is regarded as the standard procedure for disk hiation and spinal stenosis in the lumbar region, while in the cervical spine, microsurgical or microscopically-assisted anterior decompression and fusion are standard. Both procedures demonstrate good clinical results but present problems associated with the operation. Decompressions in the area of the spine must be carried out under continuous visualization and must entail the possibility of adequate bone resection. Taking this into account, completely new endoscopes and instrument sets has been developed for full-endoscopic operations in tandem with the development of the lateral transforaminal and interlaminar approaches for the lumbar spine and the posterior, contralateral and anterior approaches for the cervical spine. The possibilities and results of comparable and established standard procedures have been used as a benchmark in the course of clinical validation. The development of surgically created approaches and the new rod lens endoscopes combined with appropriate instrument sets have laid the technical foundations for full-endoscopic operation in the lumbar spine on all primary and recurrent disk hiations inside and outside the spinal canal and on spinal stenoses. This development has also permitted resection of soft disk hiations in the cervical spine. The use of the relevant approaches depends on anatomical and pathological inclusion and exclusion criteria. The clinical results of standard procedures are achieved, which must be regarded as a minimum criterion for the introduction of new technologies. On the basis of evidence-based medicine ( EBM ) criteria, it can be established that using the full-endoscopic techniques developed, adequate decompression is achieved in the deifned indications with reduced traumatization, improved visibility conditions and positive cost beneifts. Today, full-endoscopic operations may be regarded as an expansion and altative within the overall concept of spinal surgery.