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motive和motivation都可以表示动机,但motive意义上的动机被理解为能够产生行动的要素,因而一切能够导致行动过程发生的东西都属于行动的动机;而motivation意义上的动机则被理解为行动者被激发起来而行动的心理状态。近代道德哲学主要在motive的意义上讨论动机,比如休谟和康德。而当代道德心理学则将主题转向了motivation,强调从更可感觉到的(palpable)、更强心灵的(tough-minded)意义上来理解动机,从而更专注于心理状态的部分。从motive到motivation,伦理学通过道德心理学进路的明朗获得了推进,关于动机问题的探讨也由一般意义上的动力要素分析逐渐转向了对心理状态的澄清,而这恰好是动机论的休谟主义理论对休谟动机理论推进的核心进路,这一进路的三大理论关键分别来自休谟、威廉斯和史密斯。对动机论的休谟主义理论发展过程的澄清有助于我们更细致地探究动机的本质,进而更深入地理解道德本身。
Both motive and motivation can represent motivation, but the motivation in motive sense is understood as the element that can produce action, so everything that can lead to the action process belongs to the motivation of action; and the motivation in motivation sense is understood as the actor Be inspired and act in a state of mind. Modern moral philosophy discusses motivation mainly in the motive sense, such as Hume and Kant. Contemporary moral psychology, on the other hand, has shifted the theme to motivation, emphasizing the more palpable, tough-minded understanding of motivation and thus more focus on the mental state. From motive to motivation, ethics has been promoted through the clear path of moral psychology, and the discussion on motivation has gradually shifted from the dynamic factor analysis in the general sense to the clarification of the psychological state, which happens to be the Hume Theories on Hume’s theory of motivation to promote the core approach, the three theoretical key to this approach from Hume, Williams and Smith. A clarification of the development of the theory of Hume’s theory of motivation helps us to explore the essence of motivation in more detail and to understand more deeply the morality itself.