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明清时期是我国的小冰期,也被称为方志时期,各种自然灾害频发且记录丰富。基于明清文献资料,重建了1368-1911年中国沿海地区海潮灾害的时空分布特征,解析了潮灾的发生原因及其社会影响和应对措施。结果表明:(1)在时间上,潮灾年份上的分布清代较明代更为频繁,月份上的分布较为集中于5-9月,且以7月为最,长期趋势总体上呈现缓慢波动上升,小波分析指出潮灾存在长短不一的周期;(2)在空间上,潮灾发生频次和热点区域呈现明显的地域差异,具有一定的集中性,主要发生在苏浙沪一带;(3)潮灾发生与El Nino、太阳活动和蝗灾暴发有较为密切的关联:El Nino和太阳黑子通过影响台风在我国的登陆最终影响潮灾发生,潮灾通过影响水系格局及水文变迁进而影响蝗灾发生,与蝗灾在年份上对应良好;(4)潮灾危及沿海地区人民的生命财产安全,影响沿海经济的发展,民间大多采用筑堤及筑闸坝、防潮墩和围堰等方法来阻挡海潮灾害的侵袭。
Ming and Qing Dynasties is China’s small ice age, also known as the chronicle period, a variety of natural disasters and record-rich. Based on the literature of Ming and Qing Dynasties, the spatial and temporal distribution of tidal disasters in China’s coastal areas from 1368 to 1911 was reconstructed, and the causes of tidal disasters and their social impacts and countermeasures were analyzed. The results show that: (1) In terms of time, the distribution in the tidal year is more frequent than that in the Ming Dynasty, the monthly distribution is more concentrated in May-September and July is the most, while the long-term trend shows a slow fluctuation in general (2) In space, there are obvious regional differences in frequency and hotspot area of tidal disasters, with a certain concentration, mainly in the areas of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai; (3) ) The tide disaster is more closely related to El Nino, solar activity and locust outbreaks: El Nino and sunspots finally affect the tidal disaster by influencing the typhoon landing in our country, and the tidal disasters affect the occurrence of locust outbreak by affecting the water system and hydrological changes (4) The tidal disasters endanger the life and property of people in the coastal areas and affect the development of the coastal economy. Many people use the method of embankment, gates, damp-proof piers and cofferdam to stop the tidal disasters The invasion.