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由于人们对工业活动会引发破坏性地震的关注,那些发生在特殊地点的地震已成为北美和欧洲科学界讨论的一个热点问题。水库蓄水、露天和地下采矿活动、地下水流体和天然气的抽取以及向地下岩层注入流体等都可能诱发地震活动,这一点早为人们所了解。注水诱发地震,尤其是在将水压致裂法应用到致密页岩层来提高之前贫油岩层的石油和天然气产量之后,越来越变成一个讨论的焦点。用水压致裂法提高致密页岩层油气产量这一过程,以及与提高产量和生产活动有关的废水处理等都有可能会诱发地震。本文回顾分析了最近发生的一些可能与工业活动有关的地震活动,重点分析了深井注废水处理引发的地震活动,科学评估注水诱发地震,并讨论了评估灾害危险性所面临的关键科学挑战。
Earthquakes that occur in special locations have become a hot topic for discussion in North American and European scientific communities due to concerns about the destructive earthquakes that industry can cause. It has long been known that reservoir activity, open pit and underground mining activities, extraction of groundwater fluids and natural gas, and injection of fluid into underground formations could trigger seismic activity. Water flooding-induced earthquakes have become the focus of much discussion, especially after the application of hydraulic fracturing to dense shale to increase the oil and gas production of previously depleted formations. Hydrostatic fracturing to increase oil and gas production in tight shale formations and wastewater treatment associated with increased production and production activities are all likely to trigger earthquakes. This paper reviews some recent earthquakes that may be related to industrial activities, focusing on seismic activities triggered by deep well injection wastewater treatment, scientifically evaluating waterflood-induced earthquakes and discussing the key scientific challenges in assessing disaster risk.