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中国经济体制转轨过程中催生的养老保险制度,对城镇劳动力市场造成了严重的扭曲。利用中国城镇住户调查数据发现,养老金存在两种明显的扭曲效应:一是就业抑制效应,养老金激励使尚处在劳动年龄的人口更早退出劳动力市场,养老金覆盖导致劳动参与率大幅下降,劳动供给时间也有所减少;二是工资抑制效应,养老金作为一种经济补偿干扰了工资形成机制,倾向于压低市场均衡工资,被养老金覆盖使劳动者的小时工资明显下降。规范养老保险制度能够促进劳动力市场发展,矫正劳动力市场扭曲,有助于提高劳动参与率和潜在经济增长率,同时不牺牲甚至提高劳动者的工资福利,养老保险基金平衡也得以改善,一项改革能够获取多重红利。养老保险制度改革关系到劳动力市场和经济可持续发展,首要任务是消除劳动力市场和经济效率的扭曲,关键目标是要建立与劳动力市场和市场经济相适应的制度体系。
The system of endowment insurance that was born during the transition of China's economic system has caused serious distortions in the urban labor market. Using urban household survey data from China, it is found that there are two obvious distortions in the pension: one is the job-restraining effect, and the pension incentive causes the working-age population to exit the labor market earlier and the pensions coverage leads to a sharp drop in the labor force participation rate , Labor supply time has also been reduced; the second is the wage restraint effect, pension as an economic disruption of the wage formation mechanism, tend to depress the market equilibrium wage, the pension coverage of the workers hourly wages decreased significantly. To standardize the pension insurance system can promote the development of the labor market, correct the distortions in the labor market, help increase the labor force participation rate and the potential economic growth rate, and meanwhile, without sacrificing or even increasing the wages and benefits of workers, the pension fund balance has also been improved. A reform Able to get multiple bonuses. The reform of the pension insurance system is related to the labor market and sustainable economic development. The primary task is to eliminate the distortions in the labor market and economic efficiency. The key objective is to establish a system that is compatible with the labor market and the market economy.