设计是社会生产的第一个环节,是人类智力活动和逻辑思维的物化。设计的宗旨,在于获得广义优化。设计师为了满足预定的生产目的和社会要求,总是在一定条件约束下,寻求安全、代价与收益、风险与可靠等诸对立因素之间的最优平衡,力图作出先进合理的优化设计。为此,人类在不同社会发展阶段,运用不同的设计方法。自十五世纪至十七世纪,数学发展成为完整的体系,人们开始探索着将数学引入设计。这时,设计法进入了带有一定数量计算的直觉设计阶段。十七世纪以后,力学和物理学采用了实验方法和数学方法,设计法得到了飞跃发展,逐渐形成以数理理论为基础、以设计者经验为主导的经验设计法阶段。此后,随着测试技术的发展,设计开始采用局部试 Design is the first link in social production and is the materialization of human intellectual activity and logical thinking. The purpose of design is to achieve generalized optimization. In order to meet the predetermined production goals and social requirements, the designer always seeks the optimal balance between safety, cost and benefits, risk and reliability, and other opposing factors under certain conditions, and strives to make advanced and reasonable optimization designs. For this reason, humans use different design methods in different stages of social development. From the 15th to the 17th century, mathematics developed into a complete system, and people began to explore the introduction of mathematics into design. At this time, the design method entered the intuition design stage with a certain number of calculations. Since the seventeenth century, mechanics and physics have adopted experimental methods and mathematical methods. The design method has undergone rapid development and gradually formed the stage of empirical design method based on mathematical theory and led by designer experience. Since then, with the development of test technology, the design began to use local tests.