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After Chinese President Xi Jinping engaged with his U.S. counterpart， Donald Trump， in deep and friendly exchanges at the Mar-a-Lago resort in Florida in April， Trump is paying a state visit to China from November 8 to 10. The visit is the result of active political and diplomatic interactions between the two major nations and will exert an important and exceptional infl uence on bilateral relations at a time when the international order is under profound transformation.
The two visits will pave the way for a Xi-Trump era of Sino-U.S. relations， ushering in a new cycle for bilateral ties. Meanwhile， Trump’s visit， taking place right after the successful 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China （CPC）， is of real signifi cance for China to share with the rest of the world its development strategy in a new era， and for the largest developing nation and the most powerful Western nation to discuss reform and development strategies.
New interaction
Since Trump was elected in November 2016， the Chinese Government and the U.S. administration have successfully passed a transitional period and established smooth connections. Xi and Trump have also built friendly work and personal connections through two face-to-face meetings and nine phone calls. The four newly established high-level mechanisms for dialogue and cooperation—in the areas of diplomacy and security， economy， law enforcement and cyber security， and social and people-to-people exchanges—developed during the two presi- dents’ Mar-a-Lago meetings have already been launched， and the fi rst round of dialogues were successfully held. The frequent visits， meetings and phone calls between Chinese State Councilor Yang Jiechi， Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi and U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson have also prepared the way for Trump’s visit to China.
China has made pragmatic progress in its diplomatic relations with the U.S.， which helped stabilize the bilateral ties at the time of the change of the U.S. leadership. In the fields of economy and trade， the 100-Day Action Plan of the U.S.-China Comprehensive Economic Dialogue has yielded early results.
On the Korean Peninsula nuclear issue， China proposed a dual-track approach for promoting denuclearization of the Peninsula and establishing a peace mechanism in parallel， and strictly implements the UN Security Council resolutions on Pyongyang.
On the South China Sea issue， China has well demonstrated its crisis management abilities. In terms of the Taiwan question， by adhering firmly to the one-China principle， China has properly handled the matters of President-elect Trump’s phone conversations with Taiwan leader Tsai Ing-wen last December and the U.S. arms sale to Taiwan in June worth $1.42 billion. China’s strong arguments on just grounds have deepened the opposite parties’ awareness of the sensitivity of issues related to China-U.S. relations， earned their respect and dealt with Trump’s unconventional way of thinking and behaving so as to avoid risks and clear barriers to bilateral dialogue and cooperation.
The ground-breaking 19th CPC National Congress attracted great attention from the political， business， academic and military fields in the United States. The views and remarks from them so far show that what concerns the U.S. most is not ideology and change in the international order， but the kind of signals the National Congress has released on reform， especially on economic adjustments and market reforms， from which the U.S. is seeking opportunities for self-development and cooperation.
The United States’ internal situation and foreign policy require a stable China-U.S. relationship. Since Trump took offi ce， he has stressed “America First，” which in fact means prioritizing the nation’s economic recovery to stabilize his administration and putting the U.S. interest in the fi rst place when dealing with global issues. The U.S. is unwilling to bear much responsibilities overseas， and needs China’s cooperation.
The Trump administration has not held back from exiting current international systems that are not related to， or even go against， U.S. interests. It has also shown that it tacitly recognizes， or currently has no time to attend to， China’s approaches to reforming and reconstructing the current global order， such as its promotion of the Belt and Road Initiative.
Sensitive issues
Trump’s foreign policy seems to lack long-term strategic planning. The present Indian OceanPacific policy is neither clear nor specific and basically continues the Obama administration’s mentality and layout while concurrently demonstrating diffi culty in handling hotspot issues. In this context， Trump’s visit to China also seems to lack long-term strategic planning； it is a results-oriented visit driven by practical interests. With this trip， Trump will show a positive attitude toward China-U.S. relations， but what he cares about most and wants the most results on are two topics—economy and trade， and the Korean Peninsula nuclear issue—which deeply concern the two nations’ domestic politics.
China is the largest trade deficit source country of the United States. According to statistics from the U.S.， its trade defi cit with China was $347 billion in 2016， accounting for nearly 50 percent of its total trade defi cit. Although the U.S.’ service trade to China has been in surplus， the scale is far smaller than that of goods trade. China pushed forward the 100-Day Action Plan of the U.S.-China Comprehensive Economic Dialogue to promote bilateral ties in goods trade， opening of the service industry and international cooperation. For example， China granted safety certificates to two U.S. genetically-modifi ed agricultural products， recommenced U.S. beef imports， lifted access restrictions on corporations with foreign capital， and allowed U.S.-funded e-payment service providers to enter the Chinese mainland market. However， Trump’s administration wants more. It seeks breakthroughs in industries such as steel， clothes， mechatronic engineering， finance and services， as well as in getting U.S. investments in China the quasi-national treatment. The U.S. also looks to significantly reduce its trade surplus with China.
Nonetheless， according to China’s customs service， China’s trade surplus with the U.S. for the January to August period this year stood at $168.06 billion， up 6.5 percent year on year. The surplus in August alone hit $26.23 billion， a record high since September 2015. The huge goods trade imbalance comes from the difference between the two nations’ economic development stages and U.S. restrictions on exports of high-tech products to China. Addressing these issues requires efforts from both sides. But the U.S. is adopting a negative attitude toward easing restrictions on high-tech exports to China and continuing negotiations on bilateral investment treaties. As a result， there is a long way to go before the two governments come up with a plan that they both can agree on.
Addressing the trade imbalance between the two nations is beneficial to China’s supply-side reform， to a better world economic development， and to avoiding global hyperinfl ation against the backdrop of many countries’ ceasing quantitative easing and shrinking their balance sheet. Looking into the future， the world’s two largest economies should negotiate for win-win results， and Trump’s visit to China can be a turning point for the better.
The Korean Peninsula nuclear issue is the Trump administration’s top security concern in the Asia Pacifi c region. In the past several months， North Korea has pushed forward development of its nuclear weapons technology， carrying out a sixth nuclear test， frequently launching medium-range missiles and achieving a major technological breakthrough. The state is getting closer to being able to launch a transcontinental ballistic missile carrying a nuclear warhead capable of reaching U.S. territory. The United States feels highly threatened by Pyongyang’s behavior， arousing two voices within the country—one calling for resorting to military force； the other， for acquiescing in the fait accompli. In this complex situation， Trump remains hesitant. Besides threatening the use of force， his administration only pushes Beijing to manage and control Pyongyang and impose a blockade on the country， transferring part of the pressure to China.
During the Mar-a-Lago meeting， President Xi spent a long time explaining to Trump the Korean Peninsula nuclear issue and the Korean Peninsula issue， trying to make him realize that these are not problems that can be solved in an oversimplifi ed way in a short time. In the past several months， China has been actively implementing UN Security Council resolutions on North Korea and has participated in multilateral sanctions. The Trump administration also gained a more direct sense about the irreversibility of Pyongyang’s nuclear strategy. During the upcoming visit， the two heads of state are expected to conduct deeper exchanges on the matter. But China has to make great efforts if it wants to break Trump’s inherent thinking， highlight the common interest in a peaceful Korean Peninsula， and persuade him to start dialogue and negotiations with Pyongyang.
Besides the key topics mentioned above， Trump may also touch upon issues concerning Taiwan， the South China Sea， military affairs and human rights. Although these are conventional topics， they remain prominent on the bilateral high-level dialogue agenda. But as new developments take place in a new era， the two governments need to rethink them.
In spite of the sound and close interaction， Beijing and Washington still have doubts on each other’s strategies， so there is a high risk of misunderstandings. Whether the largest emerging power and the largest established power can rise above competition for global power and join hands to push the international order in a rational direction is not a question that can be answered through a single high-level visit. It requires long-term effort.
But one thing is certain. The frequent high-level exchanges between the two nations send the world an important signal： In the transformation of the international landscape， China’s gain might not be the United States’ loss， and vice versa.
The two visits will pave the way for a Xi-Trump era of Sino-U.S. relations， ushering in a new cycle for bilateral ties. Meanwhile， Trump’s visit， taking place right after the successful 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China （CPC）， is of real signifi cance for China to share with the rest of the world its development strategy in a new era， and for the largest developing nation and the most powerful Western nation to discuss reform and development strategies.
New interaction
Since Trump was elected in November 2016， the Chinese Government and the U.S. administration have successfully passed a transitional period and established smooth connections. Xi and Trump have also built friendly work and personal connections through two face-to-face meetings and nine phone calls. The four newly established high-level mechanisms for dialogue and cooperation—in the areas of diplomacy and security， economy， law enforcement and cyber security， and social and people-to-people exchanges—developed during the two presi- dents’ Mar-a-Lago meetings have already been launched， and the fi rst round of dialogues were successfully held. The frequent visits， meetings and phone calls between Chinese State Councilor Yang Jiechi， Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi and U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson have also prepared the way for Trump’s visit to China.
China has made pragmatic progress in its diplomatic relations with the U.S.， which helped stabilize the bilateral ties at the time of the change of the U.S. leadership. In the fields of economy and trade， the 100-Day Action Plan of the U.S.-China Comprehensive Economic Dialogue has yielded early results.
On the Korean Peninsula nuclear issue， China proposed a dual-track approach for promoting denuclearization of the Peninsula and establishing a peace mechanism in parallel， and strictly implements the UN Security Council resolutions on Pyongyang.
On the South China Sea issue， China has well demonstrated its crisis management abilities. In terms of the Taiwan question， by adhering firmly to the one-China principle， China has properly handled the matters of President-elect Trump’s phone conversations with Taiwan leader Tsai Ing-wen last December and the U.S. arms sale to Taiwan in June worth $1.42 billion. China’s strong arguments on just grounds have deepened the opposite parties’ awareness of the sensitivity of issues related to China-U.S. relations， earned their respect and dealt with Trump’s unconventional way of thinking and behaving so as to avoid risks and clear barriers to bilateral dialogue and cooperation.
The ground-breaking 19th CPC National Congress attracted great attention from the political， business， academic and military fields in the United States. The views and remarks from them so far show that what concerns the U.S. most is not ideology and change in the international order， but the kind of signals the National Congress has released on reform， especially on economic adjustments and market reforms， from which the U.S. is seeking opportunities for self-development and cooperation.
The United States’ internal situation and foreign policy require a stable China-U.S. relationship. Since Trump took offi ce， he has stressed “America First，” which in fact means prioritizing the nation’s economic recovery to stabilize his administration and putting the U.S. interest in the fi rst place when dealing with global issues. The U.S. is unwilling to bear much responsibilities overseas， and needs China’s cooperation.
The Trump administration has not held back from exiting current international systems that are not related to， or even go against， U.S. interests. It has also shown that it tacitly recognizes， or currently has no time to attend to， China’s approaches to reforming and reconstructing the current global order， such as its promotion of the Belt and Road Initiative.
Sensitive issues
Trump’s foreign policy seems to lack long-term strategic planning. The present Indian OceanPacific policy is neither clear nor specific and basically continues the Obama administration’s mentality and layout while concurrently demonstrating diffi culty in handling hotspot issues. In this context， Trump’s visit to China also seems to lack long-term strategic planning； it is a results-oriented visit driven by practical interests. With this trip， Trump will show a positive attitude toward China-U.S. relations， but what he cares about most and wants the most results on are two topics—economy and trade， and the Korean Peninsula nuclear issue—which deeply concern the two nations’ domestic politics.
China is the largest trade deficit source country of the United States. According to statistics from the U.S.， its trade defi cit with China was $347 billion in 2016， accounting for nearly 50 percent of its total trade defi cit. Although the U.S.’ service trade to China has been in surplus， the scale is far smaller than that of goods trade. China pushed forward the 100-Day Action Plan of the U.S.-China Comprehensive Economic Dialogue to promote bilateral ties in goods trade， opening of the service industry and international cooperation. For example， China granted safety certificates to two U.S. genetically-modifi ed agricultural products， recommenced U.S. beef imports， lifted access restrictions on corporations with foreign capital， and allowed U.S.-funded e-payment service providers to enter the Chinese mainland market. However， Trump’s administration wants more. It seeks breakthroughs in industries such as steel， clothes， mechatronic engineering， finance and services， as well as in getting U.S. investments in China the quasi-national treatment. The U.S. also looks to significantly reduce its trade surplus with China.
Nonetheless， according to China’s customs service， China’s trade surplus with the U.S. for the January to August period this year stood at $168.06 billion， up 6.5 percent year on year. The surplus in August alone hit $26.23 billion， a record high since September 2015. The huge goods trade imbalance comes from the difference between the two nations’ economic development stages and U.S. restrictions on exports of high-tech products to China. Addressing these issues requires efforts from both sides. But the U.S. is adopting a negative attitude toward easing restrictions on high-tech exports to China and continuing negotiations on bilateral investment treaties. As a result， there is a long way to go before the two governments come up with a plan that they both can agree on.
Addressing the trade imbalance between the two nations is beneficial to China’s supply-side reform， to a better world economic development， and to avoiding global hyperinfl ation against the backdrop of many countries’ ceasing quantitative easing and shrinking their balance sheet. Looking into the future， the world’s two largest economies should negotiate for win-win results， and Trump’s visit to China can be a turning point for the better.
The Korean Peninsula nuclear issue is the Trump administration’s top security concern in the Asia Pacifi c region. In the past several months， North Korea has pushed forward development of its nuclear weapons technology， carrying out a sixth nuclear test， frequently launching medium-range missiles and achieving a major technological breakthrough. The state is getting closer to being able to launch a transcontinental ballistic missile carrying a nuclear warhead capable of reaching U.S. territory. The United States feels highly threatened by Pyongyang’s behavior， arousing two voices within the country—one calling for resorting to military force； the other， for acquiescing in the fait accompli. In this complex situation， Trump remains hesitant. Besides threatening the use of force， his administration only pushes Beijing to manage and control Pyongyang and impose a blockade on the country， transferring part of the pressure to China.
During the Mar-a-Lago meeting， President Xi spent a long time explaining to Trump the Korean Peninsula nuclear issue and the Korean Peninsula issue， trying to make him realize that these are not problems that can be solved in an oversimplifi ed way in a short time. In the past several months， China has been actively implementing UN Security Council resolutions on North Korea and has participated in multilateral sanctions. The Trump administration also gained a more direct sense about the irreversibility of Pyongyang’s nuclear strategy. During the upcoming visit， the two heads of state are expected to conduct deeper exchanges on the matter. But China has to make great efforts if it wants to break Trump’s inherent thinking， highlight the common interest in a peaceful Korean Peninsula， and persuade him to start dialogue and negotiations with Pyongyang.
Besides the key topics mentioned above， Trump may also touch upon issues concerning Taiwan， the South China Sea， military affairs and human rights. Although these are conventional topics， they remain prominent on the bilateral high-level dialogue agenda. But as new developments take place in a new era， the two governments need to rethink them.
In spite of the sound and close interaction， Beijing and Washington still have doubts on each other’s strategies， so there is a high risk of misunderstandings. Whether the largest emerging power and the largest established power can rise above competition for global power and join hands to push the international order in a rational direction is not a question that can be answered through a single high-level visit. It requires long-term effort.
But one thing is certain. The frequent high-level exchanges between the two nations send the world an important signal： In the transformation of the international landscape， China’s gain might not be the United States’ loss， and vice versa.