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地理在日本一直被公认为是最重要的学科之一,地理教育也在日本中小学中具有较高的地位。近年来,日本中学地理教育发生了一些变化,即体现了一定的继承性,同时,在地理课程设置、地理教材的编写以及考试与评价制度等方面表现出不同程度的改革。一、日本地理教育的培养目标20世纪50年代,在“振兴科技”的高涨呼声下,日本中学地理学习指导纲要提出的培养目标是:从自然现象的观察中,培养学生科学思考、解决问题的能力,在认识人类生活与自然环境关系的同时,加强对环境的关心与保护利用。20世纪70年代以后,受欧美教育所呼吁的创造性、现代化和个性化的影响,日本的地理课程目标调整为:强调自然与人类关系的认识,在对资源、能源重要性的理解基础上,树立科学的自然观、地理观。如今,随着教育的国际化、终身化和信息化,日本的地理教育强调生存能力的培养,越来越注重学生的地理基本技能与地理能力,培养学生作为在国际社会中生存的日本人的自觉与素质。二、日本地理课程的设置
Geography has long been recognized as one of the most important disciplines in Japan and geography education has also enjoyed a high status in primary and secondary schools in Japan. In recent years, there have been some changes in the geography education in Japan’s secondary schools, which reflect a certain degree of succession. In the meantime, they have shown varying degrees of reform in the setting of geography curriculums, the preparation of geography textbooks, and the examination and evaluation system. I. Objectives of Japan’s Geographical Education Training In the 1950s, under the motivation of “revitalization of science and technology,” the training goal proposed by the Guidebook for Geography Learning in Japan’s Middle Schools was to train students in their scientific thinking and solution from the observation of natural phenomena Problem ability, while understanding the relationship between human life and the natural environment at the same time, strengthen the environmental concern and protection and utilization. After the 1970s, influenced by the creative, modern and individualized appeal of European and American education, the goal of Japan’s geography curriculum was readjusted: to emphasize the understanding of the relationship between nature and human beings, and to establish an understanding based on the importance of resources and energy Scientific view of nature and geography. Nowadays, with the internationalization, longevity and informationization of education, geography education in Japan emphasizes the cultivation of viability, pay more and more attention to students’ basic geographic skills and geography, and train students as Japanese living in the international community Consciousness and quality. Second, the Japanese geography curriculum settings