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【摘 要】 目前晚期肝细胞癌的标准药物治疗是索拉菲尼,但其临床效果是有限的,而且副作用较大。但除索拉菲尼以外,在所有完成的Ⅲ期临床对照研究中,没有药物在作为一线或二线用药时能明显提高生存率。最近一项Ⅱ期随机对照研究结果的亚组分析显示,一种选择性MET抑制剂ARQ197,在全身治疗失败或不耐受全身治疗的伴有MET扩增的晚期肝细胞癌患者中应用,能明显提高总生存率。在本文中,我们对所有目前正在进行及已经完成临床试验的MET抑制剂做一综述。旨在进一步了解MET抑制剂在肝癌中的应用情况,为晚期肝癌的药物治疗提供新的策略。
【关键词】 MET抑制剂 肝细胞癌 治疗
【Abstract】 For advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC),sorafenib is the only standard treatment option, whose clinical benefit is not only modest,but also having significant side effects.Recently few drugs ,in phase Ⅲ randomized controlled trials,can provide any significant improvement of survival as the first- or second-line option. Recently, the subgroup analysis of a phase Ⅱ randomized controlled trial, patients with MET-positive advanced HCC after the failure or intolerance of a prior systemic therapy were enrolled ,has shown that ARQ197 as a selective MET inhibitor can significantly improve the overall survival (OS).Writing the paper is to further understand the application of MET inhibitors in liver cancer and provide a new strategy for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. .
【Key words】 MET inhibitors; hepatocellular carcinoma; therapy
肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)居我国恶性肿瘤发病率的第三位,在恶性腫瘤死因中排第二位。目前肝癌治疗方法的选择还是依赖于BCLC(Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer )分期[1],只有早期肝癌才能接受如肝切除、肝移植等有效治疗。尽管随着医学的发展,早期肝癌的诊断率升高,但晚期肝癌的长期生存率依然很低[2, 3] 。索拉菲尼是美国FDA批准的用于治疗晚期肝癌的唯一药物。不管是作为一线药物与索拉菲尼的比较或是作为二线与空白的对照研究[4, 5],几乎所有药物的Ⅲ期随机对照试验结果都是阴性的。而最近一项Ⅱ期随机对照研究结果的亚组分析显示,一种选择性MET抑制剂ARQ197,在伴有MET扩增的晚期肝细胞癌患者中应用,能明显提高总生存率。在本文中,我们对所有目前正在进行及已经完成临床试验的MET抑制剂做一综述,进一步了解MET抑制剂在肝癌中的应用[6-9]。
1 概述
MET基因(又叫MET原癌基因)初次发现是在骨肉瘤中,所以又叫做人类骨肉瘤转变基因[8,9]。肝生长因子(hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)是其唯一配体,这条通路能激活RAS-MAPK、PI3K-PKB/AKT、雷帕霉素途径、STAT、β-连接蛋白及Notch通路[7-9]。这些通路的激活可以促进肿瘤细胞的生长、增殖、浸润和转移[10]。20%~48%的肝癌患者存在MET过表达或激活,并预示不好预后[11-14]。试验证据表明MET抑制剂可以抑制MET表达活跃的肝癌细胞的生长[15]。在本文中,我们就MET抑制剂在治疗晚期肝癌的应用做一综述。
2 MET抑制剂与晚期肝癌
2.1 Ⅰ期临床试验
ARQ197(Tivantinib)用药的安全性、耐受性是由4个Ⅰ期试验来评估的[16-18]。Rosen等及Yap等的研究建议Ⅱ期试验的剂量为360mg一天两次[16,17]。Yamamoto 等[20]考虑到ARQ197在体内代谢与CYP2C19[17]直接相关,建议高代谢患者360mg一天两次,低代谢患者240mg一天两次[19]。Santoro等[19]进行了一个Ⅰb期试验,来测试固定剂量(360mg一天两次)在Child A/B肝硬化肝癌患者中应用的安全性,在可评估的16例患者中9例出现病情稳定(stable diseases,SD),中位进展时间是3.3个月。
XL184(Cabozantinib)的的Ⅰ期试验在85个晚期实体癌患者中进行[20],显示最大耐受剂量为一天175mg。
Bang等在32名伴有MET的异常调节的晚期实体瘤患者中进行INC280的Ⅰ期试验,建议Ⅱ期试验的剂量为600mg一天两次。
在MSC2156119J(EMD 1214063)的一项Ⅰ期试验中,Falchook等[21]推荐Ⅱ期试验的剂量为每天500mg。
对E7050(Golvatinib)Doi[22]等进行的试验显示最大耐受剂量为200mg,一天两次,英国进行的结果显示毒性最大耐受剂量为400mg每天一次[23]。 XL880(GSK1363089, Foretinib)的Ⅰ期試验最大耐受剂量为30mg,一天一次(NCT00920192)[24]。
2.2 Ⅱ期临床试验
目前,一项比较ARQ197和空白组作为晚期肝癌的二线治疗的结果显示,其可延长进展时间,但对总生存期(overall survival,OS)无影响(NCT00988741)[25]。在MET高表达的亚组分析中,ARQ197能明显的延长无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)和OS。通过分析,MET表达的高、低组之间有明显的统计学差异。这些结果提示ARQ197用于MET高表达患者时有生存获益。
Verslype[26]和Cohn[27]对XL184的Ⅱ期试验结果示,41例最多接受过一种系统治疗的Child A晚期肝癌患者2例病人在第12周复查时为部分缓解(partial response,PR)。总的疾病控制率在第12周时为68%。
INC280的Ⅱ期试验以INC280作为局部治疗失败的MET失调的晚期肝癌的一线治疗( NCT01737827)。主要终点是出现疾病进展的时间。
一项Ⅰb/Ⅱ期试验正在进行用于检测MSC2156119J作为肝癌二线治疗的安全性和有效性(NCT02115373)。另一试验将比较MSC2156119J 和索拉非尼在亚洲MET扩增和ChildA的晚期肝癌患者中改善疾病进展时间上的疗效(NCT01988493)[28]。
在XL880的Ⅱ期试验中,患者服用剂量为30mg一天一次。在38名可评价患者中疾病缓解率为24%,疾病稳定率为79%,中位进展时间为4.2个月。
2.3 Ⅲ期临床试验
一项双盲、随机对照的Ⅲ期试验(NCT01755767)[29]正在招募患者,试验中ARQ197的剂量为240mg一天两次。前期样本量是为303例病人。入组标准为:1、患者为一线系统治疗失败或无法耐受的;2、肝癌组织有MET高表达;3、Child分级为Child-A。主要研究终点为OS,次要终点为PFS和安全性。
一项双盲、随机对照的Ⅲ期试验正在研究XL184作为索拉菲尼治疗失败的患者二线治疗的有效性(NCT01908426)[30]。此研究共招募760名患者。主要研究终点为OS,次要终点为PFS和客观反应(objective response,OR)。与ARQ197Ⅲ期比较,XL184不以MET表达筛选病人。
2.4 联合用药试验
Camacho等[31,32]在晚期实体瘤患者中进行了ARQ197联合吉西他滨的安全性和初步疗效的Ⅰb期研究显示这种联合耐受性很好,没有药物间的相互作用。Goldman等[33]对ARQ197联合厄洛替尼治疗的研究显示这种联合耐受性好。在晚期实体瘤患者中研究ARQ197联合索拉菲尼应用的安全性及抗肿瘤活性的试验正在进行。患者耐受性好。疾病缓解率和控制率分别为10%、70%。结果表示ARQ197作为索拉菲尼治疗失败的肝癌患者的二线治疗有其合理性。Chai等[34]总结了Ⅰ期研究中使用ARQ197的肝癌或胆管癌患者,总的缓解率和疾病控制率分别为6%、62%。
为研究E7050与索拉菲尼联合应用的安全性和有效性(NCT01271504)[35] ,一项Ⅰb/Ⅱ期试验正在晚期肝癌患者中进行。Ⅰ期研究表明E7050的最大耐受剂量为200mg每天一次,索拉菲尼为400mg一天两次。
3 展望
HGF/MET通路在恶性肿瘤的增殖及转移中发挥着重要作用,对该通路信号的有效阻断,对于抑制肿瘤的发展有重大意义。MET抑制剂ARQ197的Ⅱ期试验结果表明MET抑制剂在肝癌中的疗效是显著的。目前更多的以MET抑制剂正作为一线或二线药物的研究正在局部或系统治疗失败的晚期肝癌患者,特别是伴有MET扩增的患者中进行。随着Ⅲ期随机对照试验的进行,将有越来越多的证据表明晚期肝癌患者可以从MET抑制剂的治疗中获益。MET抑制剂在肝癌治疗中有广阔的应用前景。
参考文献
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作者簡介:周立风,在读硕士 安徽医科大学武警总医院临床学院:肿瘤二科
【关键词】 MET抑制剂 肝细胞癌 治疗
【Abstract】 For advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC),sorafenib is the only standard treatment option, whose clinical benefit is not only modest,but also having significant side effects.Recently few drugs ,in phase Ⅲ randomized controlled trials,can provide any significant improvement of survival as the first- or second-line option. Recently, the subgroup analysis of a phase Ⅱ randomized controlled trial, patients with MET-positive advanced HCC after the failure or intolerance of a prior systemic therapy were enrolled ,has shown that ARQ197 as a selective MET inhibitor can significantly improve the overall survival (OS).Writing the paper is to further understand the application of MET inhibitors in liver cancer and provide a new strategy for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. .
【Key words】 MET inhibitors; hepatocellular carcinoma; therapy
肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)居我国恶性肿瘤发病率的第三位,在恶性腫瘤死因中排第二位。目前肝癌治疗方法的选择还是依赖于BCLC(Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer )分期[1],只有早期肝癌才能接受如肝切除、肝移植等有效治疗。尽管随着医学的发展,早期肝癌的诊断率升高,但晚期肝癌的长期生存率依然很低[2, 3] 。索拉菲尼是美国FDA批准的用于治疗晚期肝癌的唯一药物。不管是作为一线药物与索拉菲尼的比较或是作为二线与空白的对照研究[4, 5],几乎所有药物的Ⅲ期随机对照试验结果都是阴性的。而最近一项Ⅱ期随机对照研究结果的亚组分析显示,一种选择性MET抑制剂ARQ197,在伴有MET扩增的晚期肝细胞癌患者中应用,能明显提高总生存率。在本文中,我们对所有目前正在进行及已经完成临床试验的MET抑制剂做一综述,进一步了解MET抑制剂在肝癌中的应用[6-9]。
1 概述
MET基因(又叫MET原癌基因)初次发现是在骨肉瘤中,所以又叫做人类骨肉瘤转变基因[8,9]。肝生长因子(hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)是其唯一配体,这条通路能激活RAS-MAPK、PI3K-PKB/AKT、雷帕霉素途径、STAT、β-连接蛋白及Notch通路[7-9]。这些通路的激活可以促进肿瘤细胞的生长、增殖、浸润和转移[10]。20%~48%的肝癌患者存在MET过表达或激活,并预示不好预后[11-14]。试验证据表明MET抑制剂可以抑制MET表达活跃的肝癌细胞的生长[15]。在本文中,我们就MET抑制剂在治疗晚期肝癌的应用做一综述。
2 MET抑制剂与晚期肝癌
2.1 Ⅰ期临床试验
ARQ197(Tivantinib)用药的安全性、耐受性是由4个Ⅰ期试验来评估的[16-18]。Rosen等及Yap等的研究建议Ⅱ期试验的剂量为360mg一天两次[16,17]。Yamamoto 等[20]考虑到ARQ197在体内代谢与CYP2C19[17]直接相关,建议高代谢患者360mg一天两次,低代谢患者240mg一天两次[19]。Santoro等[19]进行了一个Ⅰb期试验,来测试固定剂量(360mg一天两次)在Child A/B肝硬化肝癌患者中应用的安全性,在可评估的16例患者中9例出现病情稳定(stable diseases,SD),中位进展时间是3.3个月。
XL184(Cabozantinib)的的Ⅰ期试验在85个晚期实体癌患者中进行[20],显示最大耐受剂量为一天175mg。
Bang等在32名伴有MET的异常调节的晚期实体瘤患者中进行INC280的Ⅰ期试验,建议Ⅱ期试验的剂量为600mg一天两次。
在MSC2156119J(EMD 1214063)的一项Ⅰ期试验中,Falchook等[21]推荐Ⅱ期试验的剂量为每天500mg。
对E7050(Golvatinib)Doi[22]等进行的试验显示最大耐受剂量为200mg,一天两次,英国进行的结果显示毒性最大耐受剂量为400mg每天一次[23]。 XL880(GSK1363089, Foretinib)的Ⅰ期試验最大耐受剂量为30mg,一天一次(NCT00920192)[24]。
2.2 Ⅱ期临床试验
目前,一项比较ARQ197和空白组作为晚期肝癌的二线治疗的结果显示,其可延长进展时间,但对总生存期(overall survival,OS)无影响(NCT00988741)[25]。在MET高表达的亚组分析中,ARQ197能明显的延长无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)和OS。通过分析,MET表达的高、低组之间有明显的统计学差异。这些结果提示ARQ197用于MET高表达患者时有生存获益。
Verslype[26]和Cohn[27]对XL184的Ⅱ期试验结果示,41例最多接受过一种系统治疗的Child A晚期肝癌患者2例病人在第12周复查时为部分缓解(partial response,PR)。总的疾病控制率在第12周时为68%。
INC280的Ⅱ期试验以INC280作为局部治疗失败的MET失调的晚期肝癌的一线治疗( NCT01737827)。主要终点是出现疾病进展的时间。
一项Ⅰb/Ⅱ期试验正在进行用于检测MSC2156119J作为肝癌二线治疗的安全性和有效性(NCT02115373)。另一试验将比较MSC2156119J 和索拉非尼在亚洲MET扩增和ChildA的晚期肝癌患者中改善疾病进展时间上的疗效(NCT01988493)[28]。
在XL880的Ⅱ期试验中,患者服用剂量为30mg一天一次。在38名可评价患者中疾病缓解率为24%,疾病稳定率为79%,中位进展时间为4.2个月。
2.3 Ⅲ期临床试验
一项双盲、随机对照的Ⅲ期试验(NCT01755767)[29]正在招募患者,试验中ARQ197的剂量为240mg一天两次。前期样本量是为303例病人。入组标准为:1、患者为一线系统治疗失败或无法耐受的;2、肝癌组织有MET高表达;3、Child分级为Child-A。主要研究终点为OS,次要终点为PFS和安全性。
一项双盲、随机对照的Ⅲ期试验正在研究XL184作为索拉菲尼治疗失败的患者二线治疗的有效性(NCT01908426)[30]。此研究共招募760名患者。主要研究终点为OS,次要终点为PFS和客观反应(objective response,OR)。与ARQ197Ⅲ期比较,XL184不以MET表达筛选病人。
2.4 联合用药试验
Camacho等[31,32]在晚期实体瘤患者中进行了ARQ197联合吉西他滨的安全性和初步疗效的Ⅰb期研究显示这种联合耐受性很好,没有药物间的相互作用。Goldman等[33]对ARQ197联合厄洛替尼治疗的研究显示这种联合耐受性好。在晚期实体瘤患者中研究ARQ197联合索拉菲尼应用的安全性及抗肿瘤活性的试验正在进行。患者耐受性好。疾病缓解率和控制率分别为10%、70%。结果表示ARQ197作为索拉菲尼治疗失败的肝癌患者的二线治疗有其合理性。Chai等[34]总结了Ⅰ期研究中使用ARQ197的肝癌或胆管癌患者,总的缓解率和疾病控制率分别为6%、62%。
为研究E7050与索拉菲尼联合应用的安全性和有效性(NCT01271504)[35] ,一项Ⅰb/Ⅱ期试验正在晚期肝癌患者中进行。Ⅰ期研究表明E7050的最大耐受剂量为200mg每天一次,索拉菲尼为400mg一天两次。
3 展望
HGF/MET通路在恶性肿瘤的增殖及转移中发挥着重要作用,对该通路信号的有效阻断,对于抑制肿瘤的发展有重大意义。MET抑制剂ARQ197的Ⅱ期试验结果表明MET抑制剂在肝癌中的疗效是显著的。目前更多的以MET抑制剂正作为一线或二线药物的研究正在局部或系统治疗失败的晚期肝癌患者,特别是伴有MET扩增的患者中进行。随着Ⅲ期随机对照试验的进行,将有越来越多的证据表明晚期肝癌患者可以从MET抑制剂的治疗中获益。MET抑制剂在肝癌治疗中有广阔的应用前景。
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作者簡介:周立风,在读硕士 安徽医科大学武警总医院临床学院:肿瘤二科