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AIM To determine whether oral glutathione(GSH)administration can alleviate the effects of fasting-induced intestinal atrophy in the small intestinal mucosa. METHODS Rats were divided into eight groups.One group was fed ad libitum,another was fed ad libitum and received oral GSH,and six groups were administrated saline(SA)or GSH orally during fasting.Mucosal height,apoptosis,and cell proliferation in the jejunum were histologically evaluated.i NOS protein expression(by immunohistochemistry),nitrite levels(by high performance liquid chromatography,as a measure of NO production),8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine formation(by ELISA,indicating ROS levels),glutathione/oxidized glutathione(GSH/GSSG)ratio(by enzymatic colorimetric detection),andγ-glutamyl transpeptidase(Ggt1)mR NA levels in the jejunum(by semi-quantitative RT-PCR)were also estimated. RESULTS O r a l G S H a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w a s d e m o n s t r a t e d t o drastically reduce fasting-induced intestinal atrophy in the jejunum.In particular,jejunal mucosal height was enhanced in GSH-treated animals compared to SA-treated animals[527.2±6.9 for 50 mg/kg GSH,567.6±5.4 for 500 mg/kg GSH vs 483.1±4.9(μm),P<0.01at 72 h].This effect was consistent with decreasing changes in GSH-treated animals compared to SA-treated animals for iN OS protein staining[0.337±0.016for 50 mg/kg GSH,0.317±0.017 for 500 mg/kg GSH vs 0.430±0.023(area of staining part/area of tissue),P<0.01 at 72 h]and NO[2.99±0.29 for 50 mg/kg GSH,2.88±0.19 for 500 mg/kg GSH vs 5.34±0.35(nmol/g tissue),P<0.01 at 72 h]and ROS[3.92±0.46for 50 mg/kg GSH,4.58±0.29 for 500 mg/kg GSH vs6.42±0.52(8-OHdG pg/μg DNA),P<0.01,P<0.05at 72 h,respectively]levels as apoptosis mediators in the jejunum.Furthermore,oral GSH administration attenuated cell proliferation decreases in the fasting jejunum[182.5±1.9 for 500 mg/kg GSH vs 155.8±3.4(5-Brd U positive cells/10 crypts),P<0.01 at 72h].Notably,both GSH concentration and Ggt1 m RNA expression in the jejunum were also attenuated in rats following oral administration of GSH during fasting as compared with fasting alone[0.45±0.12 vs 0.97±0.06(nmol/mg tissue),P<0.01;1.01±0.11 vs 2.79±0.39(Ggt1 m RNA/Gapdh m RNA),P<0.01 for 500 mg/kg GSH at 48 h,respectively]. CONCLUSION Oral GSH administration during fasting enhances jejunal regenerative potential to minimize intestinal mucosal atrophy by diminishing fasting-mediated ROS generation and enterocyte apoptosis and enhancing cell proliferation.
AIM To determine whether oral glutathione (GSH) administration can alleviate the effects of fasting-induced intestinal atrophy in the small intestinal mucosa. METHODS Rats were divided into eight groups. One group was fed ad libitum, another was fed ad libitum and received oral GSH , and six groups were administrated saline (SA) or GSH orally during fasting. Mucosal height, apoptosis, and cell proliferation in the jejunum were evaluated as by immunohistochemistry, nitrite levels (by high performance liquid chromatography, as a measure of NO production, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine formation (by ELISA, indicating ROS levels), glutathione / oxidized glutathione (GSH / GSSG) ratio (by enzymatic colorimetric detection), and γ- glutamyl transpeptidase (Ggt1) mR NA levels in the jejunum RESULTS Oral GSH administrationwasdemo nstratedto drastically reduce fasting-induced intestinal atrophy in the jejunum. I (by semi-quantitative RT-PCR) n particular, jejunal mucosal height was enhanced in GSH-treated animals compared to SA-treated animals [527.2 ± 6.9 for 50 mg / kg GSH, 567.6 ± 5.4 for 500 mg / kg GSH vs 483.1 ± 4.9 (μm), P <0.01 at 72 h]. This effect was consistent with decreasing changes in GSH-treated animals compared to SA-treated animals for iNOS protein staining [0.337 ± 0.016 for 50 mg / kg GSH, 0.317 ± 0.017 for 500 mg / kg GSH vs 0.430 ± 0.023 (area of staining part / area of tissue) P <0.01 at 72 h] and NO [2.99 ± 0.29 for 50 mg / kg GSH, 2.88 ± 0.19 for 500 mg / kg GSH vs 5.34 ± 0.35 P <0.01 at 72 h] and ROS [3.92 ± 0.46 for 50 mg / kg GSH, 4.58 ± 0.29 for 500 mg / kg GSH vs 6.42 ± 0.52 (8-OHdG pg / μg DNA) , P <0.05 at 72 h, respectively] levels as apoptosis mediators in the jejunum. Focurthermore, oral GSH administration attenuated cell gap decreases in the fasting jejunum [182.5 ± 1.9 for 500 mg / kg GSH vs 155.8 ± 3.4 (5-BrdU positive cells / 10 crypts), P <0.01 at 72 h]. Notably, both GSH concentration and Ggt1 m RNA expression in the jejunum were also attenuated in rats following oral administration of GSH during fasting as compared with fasting alone [0.45 ± 0.12 vs 0.97 ± 0.06 (nmol / mg tissue), P <0.01; 1.01 ± 0.11 vs. 2.79 ± 0.39 (Ggt1 m RNA / Gapdh m RNA) , P <0.01 for 500 mg / kg GSH at 48 h, respectively]. CONCLUSION Oral GSH administration during fasting enhances jejunal regenerative potential to minimize intestinal mucosal atrophy by diminishing fasting-mediated ROS generation and enterocyte apoptosis and enhancing cell proliferation.