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养殖环境是渔业发展的重要基础,但由于养殖模式的改变和养殖环境的恶化,水生动物疾病频发。抗生素被应用于水产养殖的各个环节,可促进生物体的生长和预防、治疗疾病。水产养殖是水环境中抗生素的污染源之一,环境中抗生素污染受到广泛关注。养殖环境中的抗生素检测及控制技术对水产品的质量安全以及渔业生态建设意义重大。本文主要从水产养殖过程中抗生素使用状况和残留水平、水环境中抗生素的检测技术及消除技术3个方面进行阐述。2013年我国抗生素使用总量达16.2万吨,水产养殖中用得最多、最广的抗生素包括大环内酯类、β-酰胺类、磺胺类、四环素类以及喹诺酮类5大类。近年地表水中抗生素的检出率较高,而水产养殖业被认为是重要来源之一。结合固相萃取法(solid phase extraction,SPE)的色谱和质谱分析技术广泛应用于水环境中抗生素的检测,这些方法对水中同一类多种抗生素和不同类多种抗生素的检测均十分有效。水环境中抗生素的消除技术主要包括物理消除法、光降解法、化学消除法、生物消除法等。本文旨在为渔业养殖水环境的中抗生素监测与治理提供参考。
Aquaculture environment is an important basis for the development of fisheries, but due to changes in farming patterns and the deterioration of farming environment, aquatic animal diseases are frequent. Antibiotics are used in all aspects of aquaculture to promote the growth and prevention of organisms and to treat diseases. Aquaculture is one of the sources of antibiotics in water environment, and antibiotic pollution in the environment has drawn extensive attention. The antibiotic detection and control technology in aquaculture environment is of great significance to the quality and safety of fishery products and the construction of fishery ecology. This article mainly elaborates three aspects of antibiotic use status and residue level in aquaculture process, detection technology of antibiotic in water environment and elimination technology. In 2013, the total amount of antibiotics used in our country reached 162,000 tons. The most widely used antibiotics in aquaculture include macrolides, β-amides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and quinolones. In recent years, the detection rate of antibiotics in surface water has been relatively high, and aquaculture is considered as one of the important sources. Chromatography and mass spectrometry coupled with solid phase extraction (SPE) are widely used for the detection of antibiotics in water environment. These methods are very effective for the detection of the same kind of antibiotics and different kinds of antibiotics in water. Antibiotic elimination techniques in water environment mainly include physical elimination method, photodegradation method, chemical elimination method and biological elimination method. The purpose of this paper is to provide a reference for the monitoring and management of antibiotics in the aquaculture water environment.