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高贫困率是包括津巴布韦在内的撒哈拉以南非洲的一大特征。2003年,津巴布韦超过80%的人口生活在消费贫困线以下,70%的人口生活在食物贫困线以下。这种社会指标的急剧恶化,肇始于该国自20世纪90年代开始在国际金融机构倡议的结构调整项目实施失败之后的经济急剧下滑。随之而来的社会经济退化、政治危机和在国际上的孤立,使津巴布韦在20世纪80年代取得的社会指标进步从20世纪90年代末开始逆转。发展理论将贫困归结于无节制的人口增长及政治、经济和环境的管理不善,而发展中国家的领导人则将其归因于历史遗留下来的不平衡和全球政治经济的不公正。尽管存在这样的争论,贫困现象仍在蔓延,并在不断加重和深化,消除贫困的必要性变得越来越迫切。是什么原因导致贫困,贫困会导致什么,对于这些复杂问题,永远有人在讨论,新的想法也不断涌现。最新的观点认为,由于没有将发展定位为以人为中心,没有宣称贫困是对人权的侵犯,导致了世界范围内贫困的加剧。本文运用一种假定的贫困原因———民事登记———来举例说明贫困的人权本质,以及如何将人权政策作为消除贫困的手段。这一研究成果说明,从手段上看,民事登记是一种与贫困相关的权利;实现民事登记,能够保证人们获得许多权利,而其中的某些权利又能够使他们摆脱贫困。相反,未能实现民事登记,将导致人们无法获得生计,进而使得他们陷入贫困而无法摆脱困境。
High poverty rates are a feature of sub-Saharan Africa, including Zimbabwe. In 2003, more than 80% of Zimbabwe’s population lived below the consumption poverty line and 70% lived below the food poverty line. This sharp deterioration in social indicators stemmed from a sharp decline in the economy following the failure of the country’s structural readjustment project initiated by the international financial institutions since the 1990s. The consequent socio-economic degradation, political crisis and international isolation have brought about the reversal of social indicators achieved by Zimbabwe in the 1980s from the late 1990s. Development theory attributed poverty to unmanaged population growth and political, economic and environmental mismanagement, while developing country leaders attributed it to the legacy of the past imbalances and the global political and economic injustice. Despite such debates, the phenomenon of poverty is still spreading and growing and deepening, and the need to eradicate poverty is becoming more and more urgent. What causes poverty and what causes poverty? There are always discussions and new ideas emerging on these complex issues. The latest view is that the failure to claim development as a people-centered one does not claim that poverty is a violation of human rights, leading to a worsening of poverty worldwide. This article uses a hypothetical indigent reason --- civil registration --- to illustrate the nature of human rights in poverty and how to use human rights policies as a means to eradicate poverty. The findings of this study show that, by definition, civil registration is a poverty-related right; achieving civil registration guarantees many rights to people, some of which are in turn enabled to lift them out of poverty. On the contrary, the failure to achieve civil registration will result in the failure of people to earn their livelihoods, which in turn will put them in poverty and can not afford to get out of their predicament.