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矿区土地生态复垦与重建是保护环境、减少矿产开采对周围生态环境破坏与污染的重要途径。金属矿废弃地的重金属污染和植物生长条件的严重劣化导致了矿区废弃地植被恢复和生态重建的效率低下、速度十分缓慢。因此,有效治理重金属污染并选择适宜的恢复植被品种是进行金属矿山废弃地植被重建和生态恢复的关键。文章以广东高枨铅锌矿复垦方案为例,在分析预测矿区土地破坏与污染状况的基础上,结合项目区地形地貌等特点,提出了尾矿库和废石场污染的三阶段防治措施:(1)化学钝化措施;(2)工程阻隔措施;(3)植被生长层建立或生态恢复的生物措施。根据当地气候条件及土壤特点,对适宜的植物品种进行了严格的筛选和组配,提出了尾矿库和废石场生态复垦规划设计方案以重建人工生态系统。
The ecological reclamation and reconstruction of the land in the mining area is an important way to protect the environment and reduce the destruction and pollution of the surrounding ecological environment caused by mineral exploitation. The heavy metal pollution in abandoned metal mines and the serious deterioration of plant growth conditions have led to the inefficiency and slow recovery of vegetation and ecological reconstruction of abandoned mines. Therefore, the effective control of heavy metal pollution and the selection of appropriate restoration of vegetation is the key to the reconstruction of vegetation and ecological restoration of abandoned metal mines. Based on the analysis of the land destruction and pollution in the mining area and the topographic and geomorphological features in the project area, the article takes the Gaoling lead-zinc mine reclamation program in Guangdong as an example to propose the three-stage prevention and control measures for the tailings pond and the waste rock field pollution : (1) chemical passivation measures; (2) engineering barrier measures; and (3) biological measures for the establishment or ecological restoration of vegetation growth layers. According to the local climatic conditions and soil characteristics, the suitable plant varieties were strictly screened and assembled, and the plan of ecological reclamation of tailings ponds and waste rockyards was put forward to rebuild the artificial ecosystem.