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状语从句，顾名思义是在句中作状语的从句，修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等，有时修饰整个主句。状语从句按其意义和作用可分为时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等从句。不同的状语从句的引导词或连词也有所不同。此外，同一种意思的状语从句往往会有几个相似或相近的引导词来引导。因此，正确区别相似或相近的引导词就显得尤为重要。
引导时间状语从句的连词的选择
引导时间状语从句的连词有：when, while, as, before, after, since, till/until, once, as soon as, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, each/every time, the first time, the last time, next time, by the time, whenever等。其中我们要注意区别以下几组表示时间的连词的选择。
1. when, while, as
表一：when, while, as的区别
【例1】—I’m going to the post office.
— you’re there, can you get me some stamps?
A. As B. WhileC. BecauseD. If
答案：B。
点拨：此题容易误选A。尽管 as 和 while 均可用作从属连词引导时间状语从句，表示“当……的时候”，但此时 as 引导的从句的谓语不能是状态动词（英语中，除be动词之外，还有许多表示状态的特征、存在和变化的连系动词。get, become，grow，turn，come， go，fall以及run，wear，make等动词能够表达“成为”“变成”等意义，即表示状态的变化。如：get ready——准备好，run dry——干枯， go wrong——出毛病，fall due——到期）。当然，如果 as 不是表示“当……的时候”，其谓语是完全可以用状态动词的。如：I went to bed early，as I was exhausted. 我很累了，所以很早就上床睡了。（此句中的 as 表示原因，意为“因为”“由于”）
【注意】（1）when 还可作并列连词，意为“那时，这时”，相当于and at this/that time， 常用于以下句式：
①sb. be doing sth. when…
②sb. be about to /going to do sth. when…
③sb. has just done sth. when…
【例2】 One Friday, we were packing to leave for a weekend awaymy daughter heard cries for help.
A. afterB. whileC. sinceD. when
答案：D。
点拨：此题中就用了以上第①种句式，表示“某人正在做某事，这时突然……”，整句意为“某一个星期五，我们正在收拾行李准备外出度周末，这时我女儿突然听到呼救声”。
此外，when还可表“既然”之意。如：It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes. 既然你五分钟之内能走到那儿，你还乘出租车，真是太傻了。
（2）while作为从属连词还可表示“虽然，尽管”之意。
【例3】volleyball is her main focus, she’s also great at basketball.
A. Since B. Once C. Unless D. While
答案：D。
点拨：此题句意为 “虽然排球是她的主要项目，但她也擅长篮球”。其中while意为“虽然，尽管”。
2. till/until的两种句式
表二：till与until的区别
如：I’ll stay here till/until the rain stops.
He didn’t go home till/until he finished his homework.
【例4】 If a lot of people say a film is not good, I won’t bother to see it, or I’ll wait it comes out on DVD.
A. whether B. after
C. thoughD. until
答案：D。
点拨：此题从句意看，应表示“如果许多人说某一部影片不好，我就不会费神去看了，或者我会等到DVD出来。”因此要用until表示“直到……”之意，故选D。
【注意】till 不可置于句首，而until可置于句首。not until置于句首时主句要倒装。
如：Not until he came back did we know that he had been away for three weeks. not until也可用在It is…that…的强调结构中，但这时要把not until一起提前，而且不需要倒装。如：She won’t go to bed until he returns home. 在强调结构中应是这样的：It is not until he returns home that she will go to bed.
3. before，since
（1）before引导的从句中一般不用否定式谓语，常用句型有：
①It is long before…
②t is not long before…
③It will be some time before…do…
④It was some time before…did…
【例5】John thinks it won’t be long he is ready for his new job.
A. when B. after C. before D. since
答案：C。
点拨：此题从主、从句的时态上可判断要用上述句式③，句意为“约翰认为他不久就能为新工作做好准备。”
【注意】before引导从句时，词义非常灵活，注意下列句子中的before的词义。
①Before I could get in a word, the tailor had measured me.（还没来得及……就）
②We hadn’t run a mile before he felt tired.（还没……就）
③We had sailed 4 days before we saw land.（……才……）
④Please write it down before you forget it.（趁还……没就）
【例6】The fire went on for quite some time it was brought under control.
A. whenB. sinceC. afterD. before
答案：D。
点拨：此题所给的四个选项干扰性都很大，要从句子结构的意思两方面考虑，句中的before 本意为“在……之前”，在这里相当于“……才……”，整句的意思是“大火燃烧了相当一段时间才得到控制”。
（2）since意为“自从……”，主句用完成时。
【例7】Problems relating to people’s livelihood（民生）have been the focus of the government，especially Premier Wen Jiabao included them in his government work report last year．
A．whenB．ifC．sinceD．until
答案：C。
点拨：此题从句意和主句的时态看，应用since表示“自从……”之意，其他选项在时态和意思上都不符合。此句的意思是“有关民生的问题已经成了政府工作的重点，尤其是自从温家宝总理去年将民生写入政府工作报告以来。”
【注意】在It is…since +v这个句型结构中，since引导的从句如果用非延续性动词（瞬间动词），所表示的意思则是否定的（反译）；若用延续性动词或状态动词，所表示的意思则是肯定的（直译）。如：
It is 3 years since I started smoking.
我吸烟3年了。（start表示一种状态。因此句子用肯定的翻译）
②It is 3 years since I smoked.
我戒烟有三年了。（smoke是瞬间动词，表示瞬间动作或者短暂时间的动作，因此用反译。）
③It’s only two weeks since he worked in our factory.
他离开我们厂才两个星期。
④It’s over ten years since my father was a basketball player.
我爸爸已十多年不打篮球了。
可能有同学会问以下的两个句子怎么不用反译呢？
⑤I have never seen him since he has been ill. （延续性动词）
⑥I have never seen him since he fell ill. （瞬间动词）
这是因为，句型必须是It is…since +v结构“反译”才成立。
引导原因状语从句的连词的选择
引导原因状语从句的连词常见的有：because, since, now that , as等。
表三：because，as，since，for的区别
如： 1. —Why were you absent from the meeting yesterday?
—Because I was ill.
2. Since everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting．
3. As you didn’t turn up at yesterday’s get-together, we missed you very much．
4. It must have rained last night，for the ground is wet．
【例8】—May I go and play with Dick this afternoon, Mum?
—No, you can’t go outyour work is being done.
A. before B. until
C. as D. the moment
答案：C。
点拨：此题容易误选B，考生误认为这是考查 not…until…结构。句中的 your work is being done 表明“你正在做作业”，这应是说明前面you can’t go out的原因，所以要选 as 表原因。
引导让步状语从句的连词的选择
引导让步状语从句的连词有：though，although，as，even if / though，no matter wh-， wh-ever，whether…or…等。其中特别要注意whatever，whoever，whomever，whichever，whenever，wherever，however及no matter + what / who/ whom/ which/ when/ wh-ever/ how的正确选择。
1. whatever，whoever， whomever， whichever既可引导名词性从句，也可引导状语从句；而no matter + what/who/whom/which只能引导状语从句，也就是说，我们如果要选择一个用来引导状语从句的连接词，则既可用whatever，whoever，whomever，whichever，也可用no matter + what/who/whom/which。
2. whenever, wherever, however与no matter+when/where/how都引导状语从句，且可互换。如：
（1）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
（2）If you break the law, you will be punished, whoever/no matter who you are.
（3）In peace，too，the Red Cross is expected to send help wherever/no matter where there is human suffering.
【例10】Please call my secretary to arrange a meeting this afternoon, orit is convenient to you.
A. whenever B. however
C. whichever D. wherever
答案：A。
点拨：本句的意思是在谈论安排会议的时间，所以要用whenever，这里的whenever it is convenient to you表示“任何一个你方便的时间”。
引导时间状语从句的连词的选择
引导时间状语从句的连词有：when, while, as, before, after, since, till/until, once, as soon as, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, each/every time, the first time, the last time, next time, by the time, whenever等。其中我们要注意区别以下几组表示时间的连词的选择。
1. when, while, as
表一：when, while, as的区别
【例1】—I’m going to the post office.
— you’re there, can you get me some stamps?
A. As B. WhileC. BecauseD. If
答案：B。
点拨：此题容易误选A。尽管 as 和 while 均可用作从属连词引导时间状语从句，表示“当……的时候”，但此时 as 引导的从句的谓语不能是状态动词（英语中，除be动词之外，还有许多表示状态的特征、存在和变化的连系动词。get, become，grow，turn，come， go，fall以及run，wear，make等动词能够表达“成为”“变成”等意义，即表示状态的变化。如：get ready——准备好，run dry——干枯， go wrong——出毛病，fall due——到期）。当然，如果 as 不是表示“当……的时候”，其谓语是完全可以用状态动词的。如：I went to bed early，as I was exhausted. 我很累了，所以很早就上床睡了。（此句中的 as 表示原因，意为“因为”“由于”）
【注意】（1）when 还可作并列连词，意为“那时，这时”，相当于and at this/that time， 常用于以下句式：
①sb. be doing sth. when…
②sb. be about to /going to do sth. when…
③sb. has just done sth. when…
【例2】 One Friday, we were packing to leave for a weekend awaymy daughter heard cries for help.
A. afterB. whileC. sinceD. when
答案：D。
点拨：此题中就用了以上第①种句式，表示“某人正在做某事，这时突然……”，整句意为“某一个星期五，我们正在收拾行李准备外出度周末，这时我女儿突然听到呼救声”。
此外，when还可表“既然”之意。如：It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes. 既然你五分钟之内能走到那儿，你还乘出租车，真是太傻了。
（2）while作为从属连词还可表示“虽然，尽管”之意。
【例3】volleyball is her main focus, she’s also great at basketball.
A. Since B. Once C. Unless D. While
答案：D。
点拨：此题句意为 “虽然排球是她的主要项目，但她也擅长篮球”。其中while意为“虽然，尽管”。
2. till/until的两种句式
表二：till与until的区别
如：I’ll stay here till/until the rain stops.
He didn’t go home till/until he finished his homework.
【例4】 If a lot of people say a film is not good, I won’t bother to see it, or I’ll wait it comes out on DVD.
A. whether B. after
C. thoughD. until
答案：D。
点拨：此题从句意看，应表示“如果许多人说某一部影片不好，我就不会费神去看了，或者我会等到DVD出来。”因此要用until表示“直到……”之意，故选D。
【注意】till 不可置于句首，而until可置于句首。not until置于句首时主句要倒装。
如：Not until he came back did we know that he had been away for three weeks. not until也可用在It is…that…的强调结构中，但这时要把not until一起提前，而且不需要倒装。如：She won’t go to bed until he returns home. 在强调结构中应是这样的：It is not until he returns home that she will go to bed.
3. before，since
（1）before引导的从句中一般不用否定式谓语，常用句型有：
①It is long before…
②t is not long before…
③It will be some time before…do…
④It was some time before…did…
【例5】John thinks it won’t be long he is ready for his new job.
A. when B. after C. before D. since
答案：C。
点拨：此题从主、从句的时态上可判断要用上述句式③，句意为“约翰认为他不久就能为新工作做好准备。”
【注意】before引导从句时，词义非常灵活，注意下列句子中的before的词义。
①Before I could get in a word, the tailor had measured me.（还没来得及……就）
②We hadn’t run a mile before he felt tired.（还没……就）
③We had sailed 4 days before we saw land.（……才……）
④Please write it down before you forget it.（趁还……没就）
【例6】The fire went on for quite some time it was brought under control.
A. whenB. sinceC. afterD. before
答案：D。
点拨：此题所给的四个选项干扰性都很大，要从句子结构的意思两方面考虑，句中的before 本意为“在……之前”，在这里相当于“……才……”，整句的意思是“大火燃烧了相当一段时间才得到控制”。
（2）since意为“自从……”，主句用完成时。
【例7】Problems relating to people’s livelihood（民生）have been the focus of the government，especially Premier Wen Jiabao included them in his government work report last year．
A．whenB．ifC．sinceD．until
答案：C。
点拨：此题从句意和主句的时态看，应用since表示“自从……”之意，其他选项在时态和意思上都不符合。此句的意思是“有关民生的问题已经成了政府工作的重点，尤其是自从温家宝总理去年将民生写入政府工作报告以来。”
【注意】在It is…since +v这个句型结构中，since引导的从句如果用非延续性动词（瞬间动词），所表示的意思则是否定的（反译）；若用延续性动词或状态动词，所表示的意思则是肯定的（直译）。如：
It is 3 years since I started smoking.
我吸烟3年了。（start表示一种状态。因此句子用肯定的翻译）
②It is 3 years since I smoked.
我戒烟有三年了。（smoke是瞬间动词，表示瞬间动作或者短暂时间的动作，因此用反译。）
③It’s only two weeks since he worked in our factory.
他离开我们厂才两个星期。
④It’s over ten years since my father was a basketball player.
我爸爸已十多年不打篮球了。
可能有同学会问以下的两个句子怎么不用反译呢？
⑤I have never seen him since he has been ill. （延续性动词）
⑥I have never seen him since he fell ill. （瞬间动词）
这是因为，句型必须是It is…since +v结构“反译”才成立。
引导原因状语从句的连词的选择
引导原因状语从句的连词常见的有：because, since, now that , as等。
表三：because，as，since，for的区别
如： 1. —Why were you absent from the meeting yesterday?
—Because I was ill.
2. Since everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting．
3. As you didn’t turn up at yesterday’s get-together, we missed you very much．
4. It must have rained last night，for the ground is wet．
【例8】—May I go and play with Dick this afternoon, Mum?
—No, you can’t go outyour work is being done.
A. before B. until
C. as D. the moment
答案：C。
点拨：此题容易误选B，考生误认为这是考查 not…until…结构。句中的 your work is being done 表明“你正在做作业”，这应是说明前面you can’t go out的原因，所以要选 as 表原因。
引导让步状语从句的连词的选择
引导让步状语从句的连词有：though，although，as，even if / though，no matter wh-， wh-ever，whether…or…等。其中特别要注意whatever，whoever，whomever，whichever，whenever，wherever，however及no matter + what / who/ whom/ which/ when/ wh-ever/ how的正确选择。
1. whatever，whoever， whomever， whichever既可引导名词性从句，也可引导状语从句；而no matter + what/who/whom/which只能引导状语从句，也就是说，我们如果要选择一个用来引导状语从句的连接词，则既可用whatever，whoever，whomever，whichever，也可用no matter + what/who/whom/which。
2. whenever, wherever, however与no matter+when/where/how都引导状语从句，且可互换。如：
（1）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
（2）If you break the law, you will be punished, whoever/no matter who you are.
（3）In peace，too，the Red Cross is expected to send help wherever/no matter where there is human suffering.
【例10】Please call my secretary to arrange a meeting this afternoon, orit is convenient to you.
A. whenever B. however
C. whichever D. wherever
答案：A。
点拨：本句的意思是在谈论安排会议的时间，所以要用whenever，这里的whenever it is convenient to you表示“任何一个你方便的时间”。