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认知指导说,又称信息加工学习理论,由美国当代著名的认知心理学家加涅提出,是认知主义学习理论三大主要理论派别之一。认知指导说认为,学习的实质是信息加工的过程;根据学习活动的繁简程度,该理论将学习划分为八种类型:信号、刺激一反应、系列、言语联想、辨别、概念、规则、问题解决等学习;根据学习的信息加工过程,将学习活动划分为8个阶段:动机—领会—获得—保持—回忆—概括—作业—反馈等阶段;它认为学习的结果有五种:言语信息、智力技能、认知策略、动作技能和态度的学习;在学习方法上,它主张有指导的发现学习;学习的不同类型、阶段和结果都有其相应的学习条件。实践表明,认知指导说对地理教学具有重要的指导意义。
Cognitive instruction, also known as information processing and learning theory, proposed by Gagne, a famous cognitive psychologist in the United States, is one of the three major theoretical schools of cognitive learning theory. According to cognitive guidance, the essence of learning is the process of information processing. According to the complexity of learning activities, the theory classifies learning into eight types: signal, stimulus-response, series, verbal association, discrimination, concepts, rules, Problem solving and so on. According to the process of information processing, learning activities are divided into eight stages: motivation - understanding - getting - maintaining - recalling - generalization - homework - feedback and other stages; it considers the results of learning five kinds: verbal information , Intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, motor skills and attitude learning; in learning methods, it advocates guided discovery learning; and different types, stages and outcomes of learning have their own learning conditions. Practice shows that the cognitive guidance has an important guiding significance for geography teaching.