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存在主义形成于上世纪20年代左右,并从60年代开始走向衰落。作为现代西方哲学思想的主要代表,其基本主张是关注人的存在。存在主义教育哲学认为,教育的最终目标就是要使学生认识到自己存在的价值,通过教学逐渐使学生形成良好的生活态度,从而形成个自独特的生活方式。可以说,存在主义教育哲学思想本身就蕴含着丰富而独特的课程与教学思想。首先,存在主义在课程与教学内容方面,强调从学生的需要和兴趣及经验出发进行设计,它反对学科中心理论;其次,存在主义的课程与教学实施主要采用苏格拉底式教学法、个别化教学、创造性活动和非连续性教学;最后,在教学的过程中,反对教师的专制和控制,提倡师生之间的交流与对话,教师的作用在于帮助学生自由地做出适合于他们自己的选择。
Existentialism formed in the 1920s or so, and from the 60s began to decline. As the main representative of modern western philosophical thought, the basic idea is to pay attention to the existence of human beings. Existentialist philosophy of education that the ultimate goal of education is to enable students to recognize the value of their existence, through teaching gradually to enable students to form a good attitude towards life, so as to form a unique life style. It can be said that existentialist philosophy of education itself contains rich and unique curriculum and teaching ideas. First of all, existentialism emphasizes on the design of curriculum and teaching content from the perspectives of students’ needs, interests and experiences. It opposes the theory of subject center. Second, the existential curriculum and teaching practice mainly use Socratic teaching method, Teaching, creative activities and discontinuous teaching. Finally, in the process of teaching, teachers are opposed to autocracy and control and promote the exchange and dialogue between teachers and students. The teacher’s role is to help students to make their own choices freely select.