目的调查安徽省部分地区2015年产小麦真菌污染情况,为评估粮食中真菌侵染及真菌毒素污染状况、进一步开展预测微生物学研究提供依据。方法采集安徽省五地市2015年产未经储存的小麦籽粒,进行感官检查和千粒重计数。采用点种法将麦粒样品接种于含0.1 g/L氯霉素的马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)平板,于(28±1)℃培养5 d后,进行菌落计数和菌种鉴定。结果感官检查显示,每份小麦样品均检出数量不等的赤霉病粒,范围在8.0%~20.0%之间,千粒重平均值范围在39.8~48.5 g之间,且赤霉病粒率与千粒重水平呈负相关(r=-0.98)。安徽省五地市小麦样品的真菌污染率为100.0%,且均以交链孢霉为主要污染菌。结论安徽省五地市2015年产小麦赤霉病粒率较高,真菌污染状况较严重,有必要对小麦中的真菌毒素进行检测,并结合我国人群小麦及其制品的消费情况,评估居民通过食用小麦及其制品暴露真菌毒素的风险。 Objective To investigate the fungal contamination of wheat in 2015 in some areas of Anhui Province, and to provide basis for further studies on the prediction of fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination in grain. Methods Five unselected wheat grains from five cities in Anhui Province were collected for sensory examination and 1000-grain weight counting. The wheat grain samples were inoculated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates containing 0.1 g / L chloramphenicol at the point-growing method and cultured at 28 ± 1 ℃ for 5 days. The colony counts and strain identification were carried out. Results Sensory examination showed that the average number of FHBs in each wheat sample ranged from 8.0% to 20.0% and the average value of 1000-grain weight ranged from 39.8 to 48.5 g, Thousand grain weight was negatively correlated (r = -0.98). The fungal contamination rate of wheat samples from five cities in Anhui Province was 100.0%, and Alternaria alternata was the main pollutant. Conclusions In 2015, the annual production rate of Fusarium head blight was high in five cities in Anhui province, and the fungal contamination was more serious. It is necessary to detect the mycotoxins in wheat and to evaluate the residents’ passing through the consumption of wheat and its products in our country Exposure to mycotoxins to edible wheat and its products.