作为汽车制造商,丰田的生产系统可谓闻名遐迩,被认为是其卓越品质的保证。它独特的运作实践广为流传,不但通用、福特和戴姆勒-克莱斯勒等世界著名汽车公司仔细研究过它,其他领域如航天、金属加工、电子、消费品制造等行业也都纷纷效仿。然而,令人惊异的是,很少有制造商通过模仿获得成功——尽管丰田的对外开放程度非常之高。 As a car manufacturer, Toyota’s production system is renowned for being recognized as a guarantee of superior quality. Its unique operational practices are widely circulated. Not only GM, Ford, DaimlerChrysler and other world famous car companies have studied it carefully. Other fields such as aerospace, metal processing, electronics and consumer goods manufacturing also follow suit. However, surprisingly, few manufacturers have succeeded through imitation - although Toyota is very open to the outside world.