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本文从J.R.塞尔(John R.Searle)的“言语—行为理论”(Speech-Act Theory,1969)出发重新探讨作者、文本及读者间错综复杂的关系。笔者以为作者的意图与文学批评在解释学意义上是密切相关的,但是我们有必要对作者意向性(intentionality)的多层次性深入探讨。为深入讨论“忠于作者”或“忠于文本”的种种迷思,笔者受塞尔的启示划分了三类作者意图和源自这三类意图的三个层次的阐释意义。由于“以言表意”(locutionary)的意图(标示为意图1)归属于外延的公共领域,而“以言取效”(perlocutionary)的意图(标示为意图3)只能透过仔细阅读(而非重建)文本来获得,相对来说问题不大;这两层意图对应到文学作品的外延意义(标示为意义1)及上下文与背景相关的意义(标示为意义3)。本文主要探讨“以言行事”(il-locutionary)的意图(标示为意图2),因为这与读者的反馈间的关系较为复杂。尽管必须承认这些范畴经常僭越彼此的疆域,但是笔者本意不在严格的分门别类,而是提出探索作者意图和文学批评的一种新方法的可能性。
This article starts from John R. Searle’s Speech-Act Theory (1969) and explores the intricate relationship between author, text and reader. The author believes that the author’s intention and literary criticism are closely related in the sense of hermeneutics, but it is necessary for us to further explore the multi-level nature of the intentionality of the author. In order to discuss in depth the myths of “loyal to the author” or “loyal to the text,” the author divides the implications of the three types of author’s intention and the three levels of interpretations from the three types of intention by Searle’s revelation. Since the intent of “locutionary” (labeled as Intention 1) is attributed to the public domain of the extension, the intent of “perlocutionary” (labeled as Intention 3) can only be transmitted through Careful reading (rather than rebuild) to obtain the text, relatively speaking, the problem is not large; these two levels of meaning corresponds to the extension of literary meaning (marked as meaning 1) and the context and contextual significance (marked as meaning 3). This article focuses on the “il-locutionary” intent (labeled Intent 2) because of the more complex relationship with the reader’s feedback. Although it is important to acknowledge that these categories often trump each other’s territory, the author is not meant to be strictly subdivided, but to propose the possibility of exploring a new approach to author’s intentions and literary criticism.