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当我们着手研究某种疾病或讨论卫生问题的严重性时,首先采用观察的方法(流行病学称作描述流行病学方法)揭示疾病与某些特征的关联。如疾病在哪些人中多发?在哪个地区高发?以及什么时间发生?作为一种研究手段,正确地描述人群中疾病的“负荷”,有助于对社区作出“诊断”,并根据疾病的轻重缓急,有的放矢地分配资源,调整卫生保健机构,优先满足高危人群的医疗保健需求。同时,搞清疾病的分布特征也为进一步地探明危险因素或病因提供线索。例如,根据监测资料,发现生育低出生体重儿的孕妇具有以下分布特征;
When we set out to study a disease or discuss the seriousness of a health problem, we first use the observation method (epidemiology is called descriptive epidemiology) to reveal the association of the disease with certain features. Where is the disease occurring? Where is the high incidence and when? As a research tool, correctly describing the “burden” of disease in a population can be “diagnostic” of the community and is based on the severity of the disease , Targeted allocation of resources, readjustment of health-care facilities, and priority to meet the health care needs of high-risk groups. At the same time, clarifying the distributional characteristics of diseases provides clues for further identification of risk factors or causes. For example, based on monitoring data, pregnant women with low birth weight children were found to have the following distributional characteristics;