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明清广东墟市的营建有三种类型,即地方官吏建立的墟市、民间集资建立的墟市——主要通过股份制的经营方式进行,以及社团制建立的墟市。无论那种类型,都有士绅参加或控制,士绅常常成为“墟主”或“墟长”。在营建和管理过程中,出现了几个值得探讨的问题:为什么明清政府不建立征收墟税的机制,纳入国家财政项下?手工业墟市是如何产生和消失的?墟市中的会馆是商人的封建组织吗?股份制的经营方式成为现代股份制公司的滥觞?士绅控制下墟市的发展受到怎样的限制?
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were three types of construction of marketplaces in Guangdong, that is, marketplaces established by local officials, and marketplaces established by private capital-mainly through the shareholding system and the marketplaces established by the system of associations. No matter what kind of gentry is involved or controlled by the gentry, the gentry often becomes the “market leader” or the “market leader.” During the period of construction and management, several issues worth exploring were: why the Ming and Qing dynasties did not set up a mechanism to impose the dues tax and included them in the state treasury? How did handicrafts market become and disappear? Businessmen’s feudal organization? Joint-stock management has become a modern joint-stock company’s abuse? Gentry under the control of the development of the market under what kind of restrictions?