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目前,对自然基准的研究已成为计量学中的主要努力方向。在长度方面,是用Kr~(86)原子幅射的光波波长来定义米单位;在时间方面,用Cs~(133)原子的超精细能级跃迁频率来定义秒单位;在电磁学方面,第一个实现量子标准的成功例子是利用超导体的交流约瑟夫逊效应来复现电压单位。在1980年西德召开的国际精密电磁测量会议上,Klitzing等提出在超强磁场中半导体表面物理的新量子效应(即所谓克里青效应),并可用它来复现电阻单位(见本刊1981年第1期)。为了对此效应的机理、应用及其对其它领域的影响有更进一步的了解,刊登此文。——编者——
At present, the study of natural reference has become the main direction in metrology. In terms of length, the unit of wavelength is defined by the wavelength of light wave radiated by Kr ~ (86) atom. In terms of time, the second unit is defined by the hyperfine level transition frequency of Cs ~ (133) atom. In terms of electromagnetics, The first successful example of achieving quantum standards is the use of the AC Josephson effect of superconductors to reproduce voltage units. At the International Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, held in West Germany in 1980, Klitzing et al. Proposed a new quantum effect of semiconductor surface physics in so-called strong magnetic fields (the so-called Krishna effect) that can be used to reproduce resistance units 1981 No. 1). In order to understand the mechanism of this effect, its application and its impact on other areas, this article is published. --editor--